Green field

The basic aim of a decommissioning programme is to render all wells permanently safe and remove most, if not all, surface (or seabed) signs of production activity. How completely a site should be returned to its green field state, is a subject for discussion between government, operator and the public. 

The land under the facilities may also have to be reconditioned if pollutants have been allowed to escape during operation. The return of industrial sites to green field conditions has proved very expensive for many companies in the USA, and a number of law suits are currently outstanding, brought by local authorities and environmental groups. 

Choose the endpoints of the calibration range the calibration concentrations are now displayed in the green field. 

The capital cost required for the provision of utilities and other plant services will depend on whether a new (green field) site is being developed, or if the plant is to be built on an existing site and will make use of some of the existing facilities. The term... 

For example, preventing further spread of pollution by surface water and ground-water. Environmental protection of soils as a resource may also lead to policies favouring redevelopment of brown fields over green fields. 

Bhopal exhibits several features of maladministration of chemical industry familiar to many who work in it on other continents. Construction of a fine chemical plant on a green field site soon causes local planners to regard the surrounding area as suitable for cheap high-density housing. As Trevor Kletz has reiterated in numerous books, add-on safety features, of which there were many, are a menace. If multiple, any one will be turned off as soon as it causes trouble or expense, and reliance be placed on the others which may be ill-designed and will, in any case, be later turned off in full confidence that the first is still working. 

The first research reactor, located in a rock cavern in Stockholm at the Royal Technical University, was commissioned in 1954. It operated until 1970 and was eventually dismantled in the 1980-s. The site has been decommissioned to green field and the rock cavern is now used for other activities without any radiological restrictions. Several research reactors were also operated in the nuclear national research laboratories in Studsvik. From 1964 to 1974 a heavy water moderated PWR reactor was operated for district heating purposes in a suburb to Stockholm but also generating electricity. It was intended as a demonstration facility. It is now waiting dismantling. 

The breakdown of the production costs is illustrated in Figure 9.3, which illustrates the dominance of feedstock cost in the breakdown of the production cost which represents over 72% of the costs for a green-fields stand alone plant. 

This order of magnitude estimate is based on a hypothetical plant for the production of 500 kt/year of ethylene with a capital cost of 150 million. This is compared to the cost of a green-field ethane cracker of about 700 million. Process selectivity is assumed 100% with operating allowance for feed and fuel of 5.5% and 3% respectively. 

The capital costs are developed for green-field projects completely isolated from other facilities. All the costs associated with utilities (unless otherwise accounted) are allowed for in the capital cost. Some processes require small amounts of power. This is considered as an import. 

The majority of User Requirements for a DCS are likely to be common, regardless of whether the DCS is for a brown or green field application. A basic requirement that needs to be determined is the level of automation to be provided. For DCS systems this can vary from providing essentially remote manual operation of plant units to automation of individual process operations within units, finally leading to automation of all operations and transfers across process units within a process cell. 

For brown field applications the main challenge is to accommodate the S88 principles within the constraints of an existing physical plant configuration. This can be done successfully but the degree of generic coding that can be applied will be more limited than for a green field application. 

The capital cost required for the provision of utilities and other plant services will depend on whether a new (green field) site is being developed, or if the plant is to be built on an existing site and will make use of some of the existing facilities. The term battery limits is used to define a contractor s responsibility. The main processing plant, within the battery limits, would normally be built by one contractor. The utilities and other ancillary equipment would often be the responsibility of other contractors and would be said to be outside the battery limits. They are often also referred to as off-sites . 

A preliminary (Class 4) estimate of the ISBL capital cost of building a 200,000 ton per year ethanol plant by corn dry milling has been stated as 130 MM —30%/+50%. The plant is to be built on a green-field site, and offsite costs are estimated to be between 40 MM and 60 MM. Estimate a value for the total project cost that will give 98% confidence that the project can be carried out within the amount estimated. 

Fig. 2 Multiplex PCR profile of exons in Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy genes combined with two flanking standards. Capillary 40 cm (65 cm total length) X 75 tm polyacrylamide coated background electrolyte 0.5% poly(ethylene oxide), 1 MDa in IX Tris-borate-EDTA, lO tM aminoacridine, 2 nM Vistra Green field strength 108 V/cm detection LIF, 488 nm. [Reprinted with permission from/. Chromatogr. A 781 295 (1997), copyright 1997, Elsevier Science Publishers.]...

Newly built membrane cell plants will cost ca. 300 000 per metric ton per day chlorine capacity (green-field basis). 

Grass roots or green field cost. This accounts for the aU of the facilities needed to convert a grass field into a complete working plant site BL plus offsites. 

Love is the falcon s flight over your sands. Because for him, you are a green field, from which he always returns with game. He knows your rocks, your dunes, and your mountains, and you are generous to him."... 

Contamination of land can harm humans and the environment and needs to be controlled. Uncertainty about the existence and potentially hazardous nature of land contamination reduces confidence in existing and planned development on brown field sites and so increases demand for green field sites.1... 

Talley, J. L., Wayadande, A. C., Wasala, L. P., Gerry, A. C., Fletcher, J., DeSilva, U., and Gilliland, S. E. (2009). Association of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 with filth flies (Muscidae and Calliphoridae) captured in leafy greens fields and experimental transmission of E. coli 0157 FI7 to spinach leaves by house flies. (Diptera Muscidae). /. Food Prot. 11, 1547-1552. 

The flameless oxidation can be adopted where a suifable flue-gas recirculation af high temperature of flue gases can be carried out These conditions can be fulfilled by numerous heaf process planfs wifhouf modifications of the plant That is, the existing burners can often be modified and adapted to flameless oxidation. In ofher processes, especially fhose af low femperafure, the whole plant has been adapted on purpose, which is worth doing in green field construction only. 

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