Aim of the Study

The remainder of this chapter will provide the necessary background, from which the incentive of catalysing Diels-Alder reactions in water and the aims of the study will become apparent. 

Investigations must be conducted on the basis of an appropriate investigational plan that addresses all the key aims of the study. 

The kinetics of thermal decomposition and depolymerisation of various polymers is discussed. The aim of the study was to find reaction conditions where different polymers can be separated from mixtures by decomposing them into their monomers or into pyrolysis products and where chlorine and/or nitrogen are eliminated from the polymers without forming toxic compounds. Data are given for PVC, PS, PE, and PR 13 refs. 

The aim of the study was to check this possibility. A quartz nanobalance was chosen as a sensitive tool (Sauerbrey 1964). The device allows monitoring of the mass attached to the surface of quartz oscillators (Facci et al. 1993). The method is simple, cheap, and sensitive (as it should be for practical applications) and allows one to make parallel measurements in different media, also permitting a differential scheme of measurements. 

The aim of the study was to reveal whether or not egg tempera was mixed with oil as binding media. The cross-section was studied in both positive and negative ion modes. Lead white with linseed oil, tripalmitin, stearic acid and lead white with egg tempera were studied as reference samples. 

Tea also contains phenolic substances and carotenoids. The long-living Caucasian population regularly consume wine and tea. The aim of the studies was to compare the antiradical properties of different tea types. The results of measurements of ACW and ACL0 for 16 various types are shown in Figure 23. 

Blanche et al. [45] showed that the P-CAC technology is very promising for the purification of Plasmid DNA at preparative scale especially when resins with low binding capacities for the product of interest are used. The aim of the study was to purify the Plasmid DNA out of a clear lysate of E. coli. The lysate containing RNA, nicked DNA, as well as the Plasmid DNA was loaded onto the annular column filled with Poros 20 R2 beads as the stationary phase. The chromatographic process for the purification is shown in Fig. 7. 

An RP-HPLC technique was employed for the analysis of bilirubin, one of the main components of pigment gallstones. The aim of the study was the determination of the inhibition of chlolesterol crytallization under bilirubin deconjugation. Bilirubin in rat bile was measured in an ODS column (250 X 4.5 mm. i.d. particle size 5 pm). Separation was... 

In this work a set of two modifications of the Petlyuk system that use unidirectional flows of both interconnecting streams are considered to analyze their control behavior. The aim of the study is to show if such design modifications... 

The study objectives, hypothesis/aim of the study, and the genes or polymorphisms to be assessed shonld be stated in advance of the stndy (see Note 1). It should be made clear whether the study is retrospective or prospective. If REMARK (35) guidelines have been followed, this shonld be stated and referenced. 

Because these different viability tests all reflect different aspects of cell viability, the choice of test depends on the aim of the study. For toxicity studies where biotransformation is an important bioactivation or detoxification step, metabolic function tests should be included to judge the validity of the method, whereas viability tests are needed to assess toxic effects. Both positive and negative controls should be included in such studies. When human liver is used, the characterization of metabolic activity is especially important because of the large inter-individual variability associated with this property [75]. 

Notably, the choice of one of the two methodologies depends on the biological question addressed and on the rationale underlying the study. If the experimental requirement is the availability of highly enriched homogeneous NSC/CSG cell cultures, the appropriate methods should be considered the adhesion-mediated enrichment assay (4). On the contrary, if the aim of the study entails the preservation of cellular heterogeneity, the NSA may be the optimal choice. 

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the ketalization of dihydroxyketones 145 have been examined (Equation 12) <1997T11179> the major aim of the study was to better understand these kinds of cyclizations for the synthesis of the 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core of the zaragozic acids 147. 

The aim of the study was to create high-sensitive point-contact type gas sensors based on derivatives of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and to test them in analysis of exhaled air for diagnosis and monitoring of human organism state. 

The purpose of this study was to adopt a systematic approach to optimize formulation and to characterize the properties of tobramycin-PMMA implants. Tobramycin was selected as it is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas. The specific aims of the study were... 

Protocols include significant background information, explain the rationale behind and the aim of the study, and give a full description of the procedures to be followed. This means as well description of the site of the study the responsible... 

The test material is chosen to fulfill the aims of the study. In a proficiency testing scheme or a method validation study, the test material is usually as near as possible to typical field samples. There is no advantage in competently analyzing an artificial sample if the same laboratory has difficulty with real samples. The organizing laboratory must know the composition of the test material, and must be sure that the analyte for which a quantity is to be measured is present in about the desired amount. For pure materials this is not a problem, but for natural test materials or complex matrix materials, the organizing laboratory may have to do some analyses before the samples can be sent out to the participants. If the value of the measurand is to be established by an independent laboratory before the study, then the identity requirement is also fulfilled when the measurand is stated. 

Depending on the aim of the study, appropriate life-cycle methods and scope have to be chosen [27]. Most of the methods either consider all stages of the ENM or nanoproduct life-cycle, or focus only on specific parts of the life-cycle. For example, some methods focus only on the environmental health effects of ENMs, whereas life-cycle assessment (LCA) focuses on all environmental impacts of a nanoproduct, and thus also includes considerations such as impacts of energy consumption. LCA is essentially a comprehensive tool for environmental sustainability assessment. 

The effect of an electric field on positrons annihilating in dense helium gas at low temperatures was investigated by Canter and coworkers (Ruttenberg, Tawel and Canter, 1985 Tawel and Canter, 1986). This work centred on the localization phenomena responsible for the clustering behaviour of helium atoms around the positron in dense helium gas, as illustrated in Figure 6.12. The aim of the studies was to test the hypothesis of Canter et al. (1980), supported by Azbel and Platzman... 

As mentioned, the aim of the study is to develop desulfurization equipment of industrial interest so understanding its general performance is important. Several sets of typical operation data measured under stable operations are listed in Table 7.5. The comparable data are depending on coal type, S02 content in flue gas ranges from 1400 to 11400 mg/m while the permitted discharge level in China is normally 1200 mg/m3. The data show that the designed equipment exhibits satisfactory global performance and meets the requirements for desulfurization by wet process. Under moderate operation conditions, the content of S02 in the cleaned gas can achieve a much lower level than that permitted. Even if the mole ratio of Ca/S is as low as 1.0, a sulfur-removal efficiency of nearly 90% can be achieved (see the fourth row in Table 7.5) while the pressure drop across the reactor is very small, ca. 400 Pa only. 

Ascending and descending branches of sequence evolution. The aim of the study [70] was to introduce explicitly the concept of sequence evolution into the CDSD scheme. 

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