Water-based

Recently the scalirg up of water-based Diels-Alder reactions has been studied. ... 

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Another widely used overlay adhesive is the contact type. These specialized adhesives, in the same group as mbber cement, may be of the solvent-base or water-base types. They are often used to bond overlays such as wood veneer, vinyl (poly(vinyl chloride)) films, or high pressure laminates such as countertop overlays. 

An emulsion system in which the propellant is in the external or continuous phase is shown in Figure 2b. As the Hquefied propellant vaporizes, it escapes direcdy into the atmosphere, leaving behind droplets of the formulation which are emitted as a wet spray. This system is typical of many water-based aerosols or w/o emulsions. 

Water-in-od emulsion explosives have been made as typified by a formulation containing 20% water, 12% oil, 2% microspheres, 1% emulsifier, and 65% ammonium nitrate. The micro droplets of an emulsion explosive offer the advantage of intimate contact between fuel and oxidizer, and tend to equal or outperform conventional water-based slurries. 

Ferrites are oxides and thus rather inert with respect to water, bases, and organic solvents. However, they may be attacked by acids having sufficiendy high strength (pH < 2), for instance... 

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

Land-based trees plants grasses Water-based single-cell algae multicell algae water plants... 

Od-in-water based hairdressings offer good spreading characteristics, have a less greasy feel, and are more easdy rinsed than water-in-od forms. Mineral od is found in these products, although natural and synthetic ods have been used. The typical od-in-water emulsifiers are used in preparing these emulsions. 

The largest volume of hydrauHc fluids are mineral oils containing additives to meet specific requirements. These fluids comprise over 80% of the world demand (ca 3.6 x 10 L (944 x 10 gal))- In contrast world demand for fire-resistant fluids is only about 5% of the total industrial fluid market. Fire-resistant fluids are classified as high water-base fluids, water-in-oil emulsions, glycols, and phosphate esters. Polyolesters having shear-stable mist suppressant also meet some fire-resistant tests. 

High Water-Base Fluids. These water-base fluids have very high fire resistance because as Httle as 5% of the fluid is combustible. Water alone, however, lacks several important quaUties as a hydrauHc fluid. The viscosity is so low that it has Httle value as a sealing fluid water has Httle or no abiHty to prevent wear or reduce friction under boundary-lubrication conditions and water cannot prevent mst. These shortcomings can be alleviated in part by use of suitable additives. Several types of high water-based fluids commercially available are soluble oils, ie, od-in-water emulsions microemulsions tme water solutions, called synthetics and thickened microemulsions. These last have viscosity and performance characteristics similar to other types of hydrauHc fluids. 

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