Water based products

Beet colorant readily dissolves ia water and water-based products. It is reasonably stable when used from pH 4 to pH 7, and it is adequately light stable. However, beet colorant does degrade readily at temperatures as low as 50°C, particularly when exposed to air or light. It is most stable to heat ia the range of pH 4.0—5.0. Because of the carbohydrates present ia beet colorant, it tends to carry the natural flavor of beets. 

In a fully synthetic FR fluid, the fire resistance is due to the chemical nature of the fluid in the others, it is afforded by the presence of water. The other main distinction between the two groups is that the fully synthetic fluids are generally better lubricants and are available for use at operating temperatures up to 150°C (272°F), but are less likely to be compatible with the conventional sealing materials and paints than are water-based products. 

When a water-based fluid makes contact with a flame or a hot surface its water component evaporates and forms a steam blanket that displaces oxygen from around the hot area, and this obviates the risk of fire. Water-based products all contain at least 35% water. Because water can be lost by evaporation, they should not be subjected to operating temperatures above about 60°C (140°F). Table 52.8 shows a comparison of oil and FR fluids. 

There are many variants of benzophenone. They often have numbers after the name, a type of shorthand to indicate which variant is in use. The variations change features, such as solubility or the ease and functionality of bonding with plastics used in packaging. For example, ben-zophenone-2 is used in alcohol-based products, while benzophenone-5 is used in water-based products. Benzophenone-6 is used in nail polish, and benzophenone-9 is used in bath and skin-care products. Some examples are shown below. 

In addition to their nutrient value, casein proteins have many other uses. They are good emulsifiers, helping fats to stay suspended in water-based products such as milkshakes, coffee creamers, and ice creams. They are used as binders in processed meats (lunch meats, sausages, etc.). 

Millions of species of micro-organisms have been discovered since the early pioneers of microbiology started to give them names and many thousands of different bacteria, moulds and yeasts have been found in a wide range of industrial water based products. 

Although sol-gel chemistry is known for decades now, examples of successful market introductions are limited. Furthermore almost all existing sol-gel treatments are solvent-based and consequently difficult to handle. As the global leader in water-based sol-gel chemistry, Evonik offers today a broad variety of commercialized water-based products, which are also available in tons-scale.9... 

R. Legenhausen, Course on Microbiological Quality of Water-based Product, Center for Professional Advancement, 1989. 

The water solubility of a perfume material comes into play in a number of ways. For one thing, highly water-soluble materials tend to perform disappointingly in water-based products such as moisturizing gels or fabric softeners. This is a pity because they are exactly the ones that give the least problems of solubility in such bases. 

For the same reason the addition of an oily phase to water-based products can help considerably in promoting perfume stability. Most perfume materials are far more readily soluble in fats and in oils than in water, and to the extent that the product formulation provides an oil or fat phase into which they can escape, they are sheltered from the attack by the hydroxy ions of bases, the hydrogen ions of acids, the oxidizing agents and enzymes—all of which operate only in the water phase. Hence cloudy cold wave lotions, which contain emulsified oil, are easier to perfume than clear ones, cream depilatories cause less severe problems than fat-free formulations, and so on. 

Amphiphilic lipopeptides with a hydrophobic paraffinic chain containing from 12 to 18 carbon atoms and a hydrophilic peptidic chain exhibit lyotropic meso-phases and good emulsifying properties. The X-ray diffraction study of the mesophases and of dry lipopeptides showed the existence of three types of mesomorphic structures lamellar, cylindrical hexagonal and body-centred cubic. Two types of polymorphism were also identified one as a function of the length of the peptidic chain and the other as a function of the water content of the mesophases. The emulsifying properties of the lipopeptides in numerous pairs of immiscible liquids such as water/ hydrocarbons and water/base products of the cosmetic industry showed that small amounts of lipopeptides easily give three types of emulsions simple emulsions, miniemulsions and microemulsions. 

A formulation can contain more than one active ingredient to increase the efficacy range per application. This reduces labor time, because fewer sprajdngs are necessary than with separate spra3dngs of single pesticide formulations. A similar result is achieved when several products are mixed directly before application (tank mixes). However, the products of the different formulations must be compatible. For instance, oil- and water-based products cannot be mixed and would lead to phase separation. Chemical incompatibility can occur as result of reaction of acids with bases or hydrolysis of pH sensitive compounds. 

Most paints used in the household today are water-based products. Significant quantities of paints, primers, and brush cleaners are washed down the drain during cleanup following painting. Water-based paints contain numerous toxic chemicals. These include pigments (many with heavy metals), biocides, glycol ethers, binders, amines, acrylate, and other polymer monomers, surfactants, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons alcohols, ketones, and esters. I36,37 ... 

Polishes encompass a broad spectrum of products, including furniture polishes, shoe polishes, floor waxes, and metal polishes. Many of these are water-based products, and cleanup entails washing with water that is poured down the drain. Toxic chemicals contained in these products and released as wastewater include chlorinated hydrocarbons, acrylates, surfactants, preservatives (including formaldehyde), glycol ethers, silver, and phthalates)32 ... 

The main functions of a lubricant in a metal cutting process are to lubricate or reduce friction between the tool and the workpiece and to act as a coolant by rapidly removing heat generated at the tool/workpiece interface. There are three major types of metal cutting lubricants oils, emulsions and water-based products. 

Emulsions contain oil, such as mineral or compounded oil, usually in proportions of 3-10%, in the form of suspended droplets dispersed with the aid of emulsifiers. They are used where rapid heat removal is a major requirement. The additives used are usually rust inhibitors and EP additives. Water-based products, also known as water-soluble fluids, chemical fluids or synthetic fluids, do not contain oil, but only water-soluble chemicals. Water-based lubricants comprise, for example [88] the following ... 

Rate of loss will be related to temperature, the vapour pressure of the product in the pack and the vapour pressure of the product constituents in the surrounding atmosphere. In the case of a water-based product, the product will have both a vapour pressure and a relative humidity above the liquid, each of which will change according to the temperature. Actual loss will be related to the gradient between the product headspace and the external atmosphere, i.e. the greater the difference between the two, the greater will be the loss (in theory). 

Technology developments are moving in the direction of environmentally friendly water-based products to control surface foam and deaerate paper stock systems. Current technology allows formulation chemists to readily develop products that are capable of effectively combating both surface foam and entrained air through formulation modifications incorporating fatty alcohols in combination with other specific components. 

L (15, 20, 30, 35, 55, and 57 gal), with 208 L (55 gal) used most often. Drums are categorized as closed-head (or tight-head) or open-top. Open-top drums are used mostly for water-based products, and are easier to clean and reuse. Plastic drums are permissible for shipment of hazardous materiais provided the appropriate testing has been done and the containers are properly labeled. 

These Si02 microcapsules doped with organic sunscreen molecules were the first large-scale commercial application of sol-gel-doped microparticles labeled UV-Pearls. In cosmetics and medicine, water-based products or emulsions with external water phase are preferred over oil-based products (ointments) or W/0 emulsions. 

Some attempts to use metallic salts and oxides as scavengers in oilfield waterfloods have resulted in the formation of undesirable solid and metallic sulfides. Metallic salt coatings on zeolite filter agents have been suggested as an alternative. The authors applied these methods on the waterflood systems only and not on the drilling fluid. Therefore, one cannot say for sure that the methods and chemicals used by them will be suitable for drilling fluids (especially the water-based products that create more corrosion problems) unless more research is done on the subject. 

Water-based products exist but are unlikely to be adopted in quantity in this sector. They eliminate the ability to recover energy from the solvents for use in the stoving ovens. Since the integrated incineration systems in present use can control solvent emissions very effectively, there is no VOC-related driving force to push their adoption. In the very long term, techniques such as radiation cure and even powder may be devel-... 

An internally generated survey indicates that by 1987, 40% of the pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) market will be supplied by water-based products - (Table 1). Solvent-applied systems will represent only a small fraction of the PSA volume growth (Fig. 1). 

The basic resin and dispersion technology has been developed to meet the tackification needs of the industry as it moves forward to water-based products no matter what backbone polymer is chosen. 

Radiation curable adhesives are available in a wide range of viscosities. The thinnest of these are not as low in viscosity as solvent or water-based products, but they have a different rheology. They may be sprayed, or they may be run on gravure coaters. The thickest may have a pastelike viscosity. 

Solvent-based adhesives are more expensive than water-based products. They usually make bonds that are more water-resistant and have higher tack and early strength than water-based adhesives. Solvent-based adhesives also wet oily surfaces and some plastics considerably better than water-based adhesives. Organic solvents must be handled in explosion-proof equipment and precautions need to be taken during application. Ventilation to remove toxic hazards must also be provided to avoid exposure of personnel to solvent vapors. ... 

Dextrin—A water-based product derived from the acidification and/or roasting of starch. 

When applicable, a release agent should be fully cured before molding. Recently, there has been a trend to use water based products in a move to go green and change from solvent systems. Mold releases can be divided into the following groups ... 

Other sectors have initiated the search for products that are thinner, and plasticised enough to maintain their flexibility in use. These water-based products have been applied within the aerospace and shipbuilding sectors among others. 

Outlast controls the production of PCM-based microcapsules for incorporation into textiles and other materials, and the company frequently licenses other companies to produce and seU the microcapsules. Commercial examples include the Lurapret PCMs produced by BASF [8]. These are water-based products that create an optimum temperature balance in textiles. The new treatment offers a high degree of temperature regulation, resulting in a very consistent level of thermal comfort. The material ensures that the wearer feels equally comfortable in conditions of either extreme heat or cold. They function by absorbing excess body heat on physical exertion and returning the stored heat to the body when the temperature falls. 

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