Typical analyses

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

In the United States most commercial hydrates easily conform to the minimum basic requirement of no more than 0.5% retained on 590 ]Am (30 mesh) screen and no more than 15% retained on a 74 ]Am (200 mesh) screen. Typical analyses of hydrates are contained in Table 5. 

Table 4 gives typical analyses of some of the commercial manganese ores available ia the world market. Table 5 gives a breakdown of the world s total estimated manganese ore reserves that account for 98—99% of the known world reserves of economic significance. No manganese ores of commercial value are to be found ia the United States. 

Specifications and Analytical Methods. Typical analyses for technical-grade PCl are as follows (46) ... 

Specifications. Typical analyses foi technical-giade POCl aie as follows (46) Ptopetty ... 

Divinylbenzene. This is a specialty monomer used primarily to make cross-linked polystyrene resins. Pure divinylbenzene (DVB) monomer is highly reactive polymericaHy and is impractical to produce and store. Commercial DVB monomer (76—79) is generally manufactured and suppHed as mixtures of m- and -divinylbenzenes and ethylvinylbenzenes. DVB products are designated by commercial grades in accordance with the divinylbenzene content. Physical properties of DVB-22 and DVB-55 are shown in Table 10. Typical analyses of DVB-22 and DVB-55 are shown in Table 11. Divinylbenzene [1321 -74-0] is readily polymerized to give britde insoluble polymers even at ambient temperatures. The product is heavily inhibited with TBC and sulfur to minimize polymerization and oxidation. 

Sulfamic Acid. Specifications and typical analyses of commercially available sulfamic acid are Hsted in Table 6. 

Table 7. Typical Analyses of Carbon Monoxide Sources ...

Typical analyses of selected cobalt compounds are given in Table 1. 

Typical analyses of two straight-run naphtha fractions from two crude types... 

BS 1449 (1983). Values maxima unless stated. Proprietary super ferrities . Typical analyses. 

Table 3.13B Typical analyses of some proprietary, highly alloyed austenitic steels ...

Some of the more common phosphates (with typical analyses) employed are ... 

Purity values for lithium are usually calculated on the basis of metallic impurities, with only chloride being quoted for nonmetallic impurities. Typical analyses are shown in Table 1. 

Electrolytic Mg is less pure than Mg obtained by thermal reduction methods and is purified commercially by sublimation under vacuum, a process inherent in thermal reduction. Typical analyses for crude electrolytic Mg (assay 99.8%), for sublimed material (assay 99.95%) and for twice sublimed material (assay 99.99%) are collected in Table l. Sublimation reduces most impurity levels (by 10 ) but leads to increased Zn content. 

A TMA analyser will need to measure accurately both the temperature of the sample, and very small movements of a probe in contact with the surface of the sample. A typical analyser, as illustrated in Figure 11.20(a) and (b), uses a quartz probe containing a thermocouple for temperature measurement, and is coupled to the core of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). Small movements at the sample surface are transmitted to the core of the LVDT and converted into an electrical signal. In this way samples ranging from a few microns to centimetre thicknesses may be studied with sensitivity to movements of a few microns. For studying different mechanical properties the detailed construction of the probe will vary as is illustrated in Figure 11.20(c). 

The following brief descriptions are typical analyses undertaken. 

Whereas Sallack was concerned with soda smelts. Nelson and Kennedy (1956a,b) were interested in kraft smelts in which sodium sulfide was present in significant amounts. In Table XI, typical analyses are shown for both types of smelts. 

Mineral exploration stream sediment geochemical survey data for the Otago region includes more than 2000 standard stream sediment samples from 19 surveys, more than 800 BLEG (bulk leach extractible gold) samples from 14 surveys and a few pan concentrate samples (MR reports). The stream sediment samples were typically analysed for Au and As, and... 

Typical analyses of the four South Australian lignites are given in Table I (, 33). They are all ranked as Lignite B on the ASTM system. Several different samples of Lochiel and Kingston lignites were examined and these are identified as "1", "2" etc. 

Table I. Typical Analyses of South Australian Lignites...

Commercial lignosulfonates used in admixture formulations are predominately calcium or sodium based with sugar contents of 1-30%. Typical analyses of two commercially available lignosulfonate water-reducing admixtures are shown in Table 1.2 [12]. 

Table 1.2 Typical analyses of lignosulfonate-based water-reducing admixtures (after Edmeades)...

Recovered elemental sulfur is one of the purest bulk commodities available on the market today. Typical analyses quoted for bulk shipments are 99.95% purity with ash, carbon and other contaminant levels in the 10 - 100 ppm range. This is a remarkably pure bulk commodity for a 5d/lb price. What them remains to be developed by way of improvement of product quality ... 

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