Water-based emulsions , recommended

Phenylene oxide-based resins (Noryl ) epoxy, polyisocyanate, polyvinyl butyral, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, polyurethane rubber, polyvinyUdene chloride, and acrylic. Polyethylene-nitrile rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, flexible epoxy, nitrile-phenolic, and water-based (emulsion) adhesives. Polystyrene for these foams (expanded polystyrene (EPS)), aromatic solvent adhesives (e.g., toluol) can cause collapse of the foam cell walls. For this reason, it is advisable to use either 100% solids adhesives or water-based adhesives based on SBR or polyvinyl acetate. Specific adhesives recommended include urea-formaldehyde, epoxy, polyester-isocyanate, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, and reclaim rubber. Polystyrene foam can be bonded satisfactorily with any of the following general adhesive types ... 

Polyurethane epoxy, polyester, polyacrylate, polyhydroxyether, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, water-based (emulsion), polyurethane rubber, neoprene, SBR, melamine-formaldehyde, and resorcinol-formaldehyde are specific types. Generally, a flexible adhesive should be used for flexible polyurethane foams. Synthetic elastomer adhesives with fast-tack characteristics are available in spray cans. Solvent-based neoprenes are recommended for resistance to stress, water, and weathering. Solvent-based nitriles are recommended for resistance to heat, solvents, and oil. Water-based adhesives... 

Textile chemical auxiliary suppliers will provide suggested recipes in their product information. These recipes will contain recommendations for the appropriate catalyst and other additives that improve the performance characteristics of the easy-care and dnrable press finishes, such as softeners to improve the fabric handle and prodncts to improve tear strength (for example polyvinyl acetate, amino-modified or epoxy-functional silicones). Less decrease in degree of polymerisation (DP) rating and abrasion resistance is provided by adding water-based poly-nrethane emulsions of self crosslinking silicone elastomers. 

ALCOGUM 296-W is recommended primarily as a stabilizer, protective colloid, and thickener for water based systems, such as natural and synthetic rubber latices, and polymeric dispersions, such as polyvinyl acetate and polyacrylate emulsions. It possesses unique adhesive, suspending, emulsifying, and film-forming characteristics, making it ideal for any other industrial uses. 

Water-dispersible lecithins are made by chemical modification, or by mixing ordinary lecithin with nonionic surfactants. Many of the products recommended in the literature and technical brochures for water-based compositions include such chemically modified, water-dispersible, lecithin compounds (e.g., hydroxy-lated, acylated, fractionated, and refined grades) (428, 431 33). Usually 0.5% to 1% modified lecithin is recommended in polyvinyl acetate-based paints, acrylic emulsions, and in butadiene—styrene emulsion paints. 

A review of the traditional use of resins as tackif iers for elastomers in solvent-applied adhesives is presented. Following is a discussion of how this technology is extended to water-based systems. Data is discussed on the use of various backbone polymer latexes, modified with the proper resin emulsions to achieve pressure—sensitive adhesive properties. Recommendations are also given for the proper choice of resin type to achieve optimum properties with each specific class of elastomer. 

The microbicide is recommended for use as an industrial preservative for the protection of water-based functional fluids with pH values > 7 such as latex paints, resin emulsions, adhesives, pigment slurries, concrete additives, metalworking fluids. Its compatibility with protein containing formulations is very limited. Normal use levels range between 0.1 and 0.3%. The spectrum of efficacy (see Table 31) covers above all bacteria as is characteristic for a formaldehyde releasing compound. 

Product COSAN 91 is a liquid organic compound which is water soluble and recommended for use as an industrial preservative against bacterial deterioration in water-based systems such as resin emulsions, adhesives, dispersed colors, and ready-mixed joint cements. 

Product COSAN 101 is an effective preservative for resin emulsions, latex paints, adhesives, dispersed colors, pigment slurries, and ready-mix joint cements. This product is a 77.2% aqueous solution of 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine and its trimethyl homolog. This organic molecule contains only four elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and when used at recommended levels will prevent bacterial deterioration of water-based systems. 

BP-5-2 MEK is recommended for systems requiring a polar solvent and BP-5-2 MS where mineral spirits is compatible with the resin solution. VINYZENE antimicrobials are also available as 1% and 2% active solutions in various plasticizers, and as emulsions for latex and water based systems. 

Some recommendations could be drawn from the technical discussions, which are summarised in the certification report [34]. In particular, it was stressed that some common extraction procedures may not be suitable for complete extraction of fat and of the analytes from the material. Soxhlet extraction with pure toluene was not found to be adequate quantitative extraction can be achieve by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol/ toluene, or by slurring the milk powder with water, mixing and drying with sodium sulphate and silica, followed by Soxhlet extraction with hexane/acetone. Procedures based on the AOAC protocols applied on reconstituted milk can also be recommended all these procedures are based on liquid/liquid extraction and therefore emulsion is possible. 

Microbial contamination of polymer emulsions is discussed, and is shown to depend on a large number of chemical and physical factors. An integrated approach to prevention and cure is recommended, and attention to raw material and water quality, plant design and hygiene, and the use of broad spectrum biocides such as those based on isothiazolin-3, is suggested. Conditions of temperature, pH and redox should be considered, it is stated, when using such biocides to avoid degradation. 

A specific preparation method for cutaneous o/w emulsions is a dilution of hydrophilic creams. These are typically diluted in a ratio of 1 2 up to 1 6 with water (with added preservative), the ratio depending on the properties of the cream, the consistency that is desired and the location of application. Warming is not necessary for diluting the cream base with water. In some cases the use of arotor-stator-mixer is recommended to get finer emulsions and thereby a higher viscosity. 

Immersions of polymer microtensile specimens in solutions of metal ions or lipid emulsions at elevated temperatures for 16 weeks have been reported [32]. Temperatures of 37, 70, and 90°C are recommended with sampling monthly to establish trends. For pacemaker leads, the solutions should include all the metals found within the device, a base, and an acid. For example, aqueous solutions of 1 M AgNOs or 0.1 M C0CI2 (acetylacetanoate) can assess oxidation. Immersion in 1 N acetic acid. Ringer s solution, and 1.0 N HCl can assess hydrolytic resistance. Immersion in 20% intralipid (soybean) emulsion can assess the propensity to absorb lipids. However, in our experience, none of the above in vitro tests appear to be reliably predictive of performance in pacemaker lead insulation. Why The in vivo environment cannot be duplicated in vitro. For example, the oxidation state of an ion varies as a function of what it is dissolved in. Distilled water containing a metal ion does not represent the environment within a lead. This accelerated test predicts that Ag+ will oxidize and degrade polyether polyurethanes while Co will not. Multiple in vivo studies clearly demonstrate exactly the opposite [14, 33]. Traces of cobalt will degrade the polymer in vivo whereas silver will not. 

Roplex SS-521 (Rohm Haas) is an acrylic emulsion with a MFFT of 45°C. It is recommended that the resin is coalesced with 20 % butyl glycol based on polymer solids. If very porous substrates are being coated, butyl glycol acetate may be used, but water resistance could be reduced. Nowadays Primal EP-6050 would be used to replace Roplex SS-521. 

QUINDEX Emulsion Base is a emulsifiable form of 10% copper 8-quinolinolate (1.8% copper as metal) designed for manufacturing use in aqueous applications to protect textiles from fungal deterioration. QUINDEX Emulsion Base forms a stable emulsion by simple stirring in water until a smooth, creamy emulsion is obtained. At recommended use levels, it will not affect the hand of the fabric. 

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