Water-based gels

One advantage of fracturing with hydrocarbon gels compared with water-based gels is that some formations may tend to imbibe large quantities of water, whereas others are water-sensitive and will swell if water is introduced. 

Adverse local effects of the water-based gel formulation (MetroGel) include dryness, burning, and stinging. Less drying formulations may be better tolerated (MetroCream, MetroLotion, and Noritate cream). Caution should be exercised when applying metronidazole near the eyes to avoid excessive tearing. 

Clindamycin has in vitro activity against Propionibacterium acnes this has been postulated as the mechanism of its beneficial effect in acne therapy. Approximately 10% of an applied dose is absorbed, and rare cases of bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported following topical application. The hydroalcoholic vehicle may cause drying and irritation of the skin, with complaints of burning and stinging. The water-based gel and lotion formulations are well tolerated and less likely to cause irritation. Allergic contact dermatitis is uncommon. Clindamycin is also available in a fixed-combination topical gel with benzoyl peroxide (BenzaClin). 

Polyacrylamide forms water-based gels at concentrations around 4%w/v, which exhibit pseudoplastic behavior. A PAAm ophthalmic gel containing pilocarpine was compared with other gel vehicles the ocular bioavailability for the PAAm gel was three times greater than that of the aqueous control solution. The kinetics of ibuprofen release for crosslinked PAAm gels was studied. A kinetic model was proposed for swelling induced loading of insulin into crosslinked PAAm gels. ... 

To verify model predictions of phase-velocity variation over a range of solids concentrations, we conducted laboratory measurements with hollow glass beads suspended in Echogel, a water-based gel that is commonly used as a transducer... 

Function in Formula To provide vi.scosity, stabilization, and rheology Use Concentration 0.1-1% in water-based gels 0.1-0.3% in emulsions Solubility Characteristics Soluble in w ater... 

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