Water-based finish

Commercial solvent dyes for leather are employed in a great variety of solvents. It is common practice to use mixed solvents to obtain the requisite physical properties. They are also applied to correct off-shade dyeings and improve the brilliance of shades. Alcohols or glycols are the most common solvents but esters and ketones are also convenient. The colors are normally applied to dyed or undyed tanned leather by spraying from solvent solution or aqueous/organic emulsions. Nowadays, water-based finish recipes, which are combinations of sol-... 

An increasingly widespread use of acrylates in the leather field is as a component of water-based finishes. In such cases, the acrylate improves tho adhesion, flexibility, and leveling of the finish, and depending upon the amount and type used, improves the washability. The softer t q)es are often used as plasticizers for aqueous disperrions of other resins which are too brittle, without modification, for flexible coatings. 

Mineral oil is one such finish which is applied and can be selectively removed by hot solvent followed by drying, to remove all traces of residual solvent. If a water based finish has been applied, then hot water can be used for the extraction process. 

If oxidized PAN is made, it is necessary to dry it after application of a water-based finish to give a product with controlled moisture content. 

A yam without spin finish cannot be processed yam-metal friction is too high, and static charge would build up. A finish is therefore applied before the yam first touches guides, rolls, and so on. Finishes can have sophisticated compositions, but two components are always present lubricants and antistatics. In water-based finishes emulsifiers are a third essential component. Finishes are specific for certain... 

Be sure that whatever wax you get, it s compatible with the existing finish. Some waxes include a solvent that makes the wax easier to work with and can help create a more uniform finish, but solvent-based wax will eat into a water-based finish. Likewise, make extra sure that your protective finish has dried completely before applying a solvent-based wax, otherwise you risk harming the finish. 

Polyurethane. This forgiving finish is available in water-based or oil-based formulas. Oil-based polyurethane requires fewer coats than water-based polyurethane but takes longer to dry and can hold the patterns of brush marks. Water-based finish requires at least three (and up to five) coats, and even then remains susceptible to water marks. That said, water-based stain won t smell up the room with toxic fumes. Water-based finish also self-levels, so it tends not to hold brush marks. When mixing polyurethane finish in preparation for application, go with the reverse James Bond— stir, don t shake, which would introduce thousands of tiny bubbles. Work with the grain and gently brush away any lingering bubbles. Inevitably, you will leave a few, but don t worry—the marks will disappear in a month. 

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Binders in Ceramics, Powder Metallurgy, and Water-Based Coatings of Fluorescent Lamps. In coatings and ceramics appHcations, the suspension rheology needs to be modified to obtain a uniform dispersion of fine particles in the finished product. When PEO is used as a binder in aqueous suspensions, it is possible to remove PEO completely in less than 5 min by baking at temperatures of 400°C. This property has been successfully commercialized in several ceramic appHcations, in powder metallurgy, and in water-based coatings of fluorescent lamps (164—168). 

Emulsions of up to 0.2-p.m dia ate sold in Hquid form for water-based paints, printing inks, and finishes for paper and fabric. Other versions,... 

Deposition of a metallic finish by chemical reaction of water-based solutions. 

Polyfluorinated chemicals now dominate in the fields of oil-repellent and water-repellent finishes. The earlier so-called conventional polyfluorinated products were of the type represented by poly(N-methylperfluoro-octanesulphonamidoethyl acrylate) (10.248) [499]. Such products presented a shield of closely packed fluoroalkyl groups at the fibre-air interface, thus giving low-energy surfaces with excellent oleophobicity. These showed excellent resistance to oil-based stains but were less satisfactory as soil-release agents during... 

The application of water-repellent finishes to fabrics actually involves a chemical reaction between the material and the finish. Cellulose-based fibers such as cotton possess hydroxyl (-OH) groups that exist on the surface of fabrics spun and woven from the fiber. The basic structure of cellulose portrayed in Fig. 7.6.1 reveals... 

Wrinkle resistance, in fiber finishing, 22 593-594 Writing inks early, 14 311 water-based, 14 328 Wrought... 

Alkylphenols and their derivatives (APEs) are primarily used as non-ionic surfactants in industrial detergents, though also in textile and leather finishing treatments, water based paints and as components of some personal care products. 

PUs are also widely used as coating materials sold as finished polymers, two-part systems, and prepolymer systems. Water-based PU systems are now available allowing easy home use. Aromatic diisocyanate-derived coatings generally offer poor external light stability while aliphatic-derived systems offer good light stability. 

Water-based UV systems are gaining the most acceptance where the finishing must look like a traditional lacquer or varnish. Most water-based UV finishes confain 30-35% solids. Currently, it appears that the optimum UV system is a combination of a 100% solids system and water-based system on many wood products. One hundred percent solids finishes are used for sealing and filling the wood. When the wood is filled or sealed as desired, it can be cured and immediately sanded. Then the water-based UV system is applied to get the traditional look without the VOCs and in fewer steps than a traditional wood finish. ... 

Bismuth vanadate pigments are used in the manufacture of lead-free, weather resistant, brilliant yellow colors for automobile finishes and industrial paints. They are suitable for the pigmentation of solvent-containing paints, water-based paints, powder coatings, and coil-coating systems. It can be mixed with other pigments... 

The most important and established use for pigments is the imparting of color to a variety of materials and compositions. Examples are surface coalings for exteriors and interiors of automobiles and houses wilh odor water-based paints W ood stains, leather and artificial leather finishes, printing inks and many other applications. 

Emulsion Polymerization. Emulsion polymerization takes place in a soap micelle where a small amount of monomer dissolves in the micelle. The initiator is water-soluble. Polymerization takes place when the radical enters the monomer-swollen micelle. Termination takes place in the growing micelle by the usual radical-radical interactions, The high solubility of vinyl chloride in water, 0.6 wt %. accounts for a strong deviation from true emulsion behavior. Also, PVC s insolubility in its own monomer accounts for such behavior as a rate dependence on conversion. Emulsions of up to 0.2- im dia are sold in liquid form for water-based paints, printing inks, and finishes for paper and fabric. Other versions, 0.3-10- j.m dia and dried by spray-drying or coagulation, are used as plastisol resins. 

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