Standardisation

In order to create the necessary uniformity in communicating technical information, a system of standardisation has to be adopted. The standardisation can be the information contained on a drawing, the layout of the drawing, the standardisation of sizes or of parts. 

Copyright 2010 Bruce J. Black. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 

Adopting a system of standard specification, practices and design results in a number of advantages  

Except for written notes, technical drawings have no language barriers. They provide the universal language for design, for the craftsman and the technician in manufacture, assembly and maintenance, for the sales team as an aid to selling and for the customer before buying or indeed servicing after purchase. 

In addition to these well-know bodies, there are numerous industry- and product-specific organisations that carry out this activity, and the results are documented in a variety of forms, such as data sheets, specifications, and catalogues. What is common to all variants of this activity is that it involves information hiding or, as we discussed in Section A3.1, chunking. Take just such a simple and frequently used construction element as an M4 bolt when we use one in an equipment design, we simply put M4 x 12, cyl head in the parts list. But behind this sits a mass of information, such as the values of the parameters Proof Load Stress, Tensile Yield Strength, Tensile Ultimate Strength, and Core Hardness, thread shape and tolerances (as set out in ISO standards), and head 

Aslaksen, E.W. A System Approach to Flash Dryer Design. In 4 Asia-Pacific Conf. on Systems Engineering, Keelung, Taiwan, October 4-6 (2010) 

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Product quality specification Contractual agreements Capacity and availability Concurrent operations Monitoring and control Testing metering Standardisation Flaring and venting Waste disposal Utilities systems... 

Standardisation of equipment items is an area for potential cost savings, both in terms of capital expenditure (capex) and operating expenditure (opex), and is a decision which should be taken In consultation with the production operations department at the FDP stage. Standardisation can be applied to equipment items ranging from drilling platforms to valves. The benefits of standardisation are ... 

Repeatability. This refers to two aspects of inspection similarity between objects that are inspected and possibility of maintaining constant inspection conditions (settings) for all the inspections performed. Obviously, interpretation of data in repeatable conditions is significantly simplified. Usually, inspection during or after manufacturing process will be repeatable. Another example of repeatable inspection is inspection of heat exchangers in power nuclear plants, inspection of aircrafts as these are well standardised. However, a large part of the NDT inspection done is not repeatable. 

Once adopted, these projects will replace the national standardisation texts concerning the same object. 

Verify each characteristic parameter according to a standardised methodology. 

BE-1702 Validation, expansion and standardisation of procedures for high temperature Dr. 1. Shibli ERA Technology Ltd... 

But laboratories using NDT methods have a set of features. Specific requirements were needed to be specified for evaluation of their technical competence. These requirements were reflected in rules of interstate standardisation - UMT 15-96 Requirements to the competence of laboratories of non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics . 

Later, US NDT TD set up the National Certification Committee of Ukraine on NDT, which had the aim of organising the personnel certification in keeping with EN 473, rendered assistance to State Standardisation Organisation of Ukraine in setting up the Technical Committee on Standardisation Technical Diagnostics and Non-Destructive Testing (TC-78), the aims of which are in tune with those of lSO/TC-135. 

The work on standardisation in Ukraine is led by the State Committee of Ukraine on Standardisation, Metrology and Certification (Gosstandardt), All the USSR standards (GOSTs) are valid in Ukraine, and several dozens of them were elaborated in the NDT field. 

For continuation of the work on standardisation in the field of NDT TD, Gosstandardt set up a Technical Committee on Standardisation Technical Diagnostics and Non-Destructive Testing (TC-78) This is a social organisation which unites the leading experts on TD NDT, and determines the priority areas of work, and qualified performers in the field of TD NDT Its main aim is unification of the standards of Ukraine with the European norms. 

The ability of the solid chlorates(V) to provide oxygen led to their use in matches and fireworks. Bromates(V) and iodates(V) are used in quantitative volumetric analysis. Potassium hydrogen diiodate(V), KHflOjlj, is used to standardise solutions of sodium thiosulphate(Vf) since in the presence of excess potassium iodide and acid, the reaction... 

Several variations of the chemical method are in use. In the one described below, a freshly prepared Fehling s solution is standardised by titrating it directly against a standard solution of pure anhydrous glucose when the end-point is reached, I. e., when the cupric salt in the Fehling s solution is completely reduced to cuprous oxide, the supernatant solution becomes completely decolorised. Some difficulty is often experienced at first in determining the end-point of the reaction, but with practice accurate results can be obtained. The titrations should be performed in daylight whenever possible, unless a Special indicator is used (see under Methylene-blue, p. 463). 

The standardised Fehling s solution can then be used to determine, for example, the percentage amount of glucose in a crude sample. The method... 

This is clearly the reverse of the standardisation of the Fehling s solution described above. 

The most satisfactory and the most accurate method for the calibration of a thermometer is to compare it directly with short-scale thermometers, each of limited range, which have been standardised at the National Physical Laboratory.f The comparison should be made as far as possible under the same conditions as the thermometer is to be used. For experiments demanding the highest precision e.g., in research work), it is a good plan to have two similar sets of short-scale thermometers, one of which has been standardised at the N.P.L. the unstandardised set is... 

For further details as to the standardisation of the alkali and the storage of standard alkali solutions, see Vogel, A Text Book oj Quantitative Inorganic Analyti t Theory and Practice, Second Edition. 1951, 233 et eeq. (Longmans, Green and Oo. Ltd.). 

Preparation of silver maleate. Dissolve 65 g. of pure maleic acid (Section 111,143) in the calculated quantity of carefully standardised 3-5N aqueous ammonia solution in a 1-htre beaker and add, whilst stirring mechanically, a solution of 204 g. of silver nitrate in 200 ml. of water. Filter oflf the precipitated silver maleate at the pump, wash it with distilled water, and press well with the back of a large flat glass stopper. Dry in an electric oven at 50-60° to constant weight. The yield of the dry silver salt is 150 g. Store in a vacuum desiccator in the dark. 

It is frequently advisable in the routine examination of an ester, and before any derivatives are considered, to determine the saponification equivalent of the ester. In order to ensure that complete hydrolysis takes place in a comparatively short time, the quantitative saponi fication is conducted with a standardised alcoholic solution of caustic alkali—preferably potassium hydroxide since the potassium salts of organic acids are usuaUy more soluble than the sodium salts. A knowledge of the b.p. and the saponification equivalent of the unknown ester would provide the basis for a fairly accurate approximation of the size of the ester molecule. It must, however, be borne in mind that certain structures may effect the values of the equivalent thus aliphatic halo genated esters may consume alkali because of hydrolysis of part of the halogen during the determination, nitro esters may be reduced by the alkaline hydrolysis medium, etc. 

It is essential to standardise the alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution immediately before use by titration with standard 0-5N or 0-25N hydrochloric or sulphuric acid using phenolphthalein as indicator. 

N-Nitrosodiethylamine. Add 36-5 g. (51-5 ml.) of diethylamine slowly to the calculated quantity of carefully standardised 5A-hydra chloric acid cooled in ice (1). Introduce the solution of the hydi ochloride into a solution of 39 g. of sodium nitrite (assumed to be of 90 per cent, purity) in 45 ml. of water contained in a 250 ml. distilling flask. Distil the mixture rapidly to dryness. Separate the yellow upper layer of the nitrosamine from the distillate saturate the aqueous layer with soUd potassium carbonate and remove the nitroso compound which separates and add it to the main product. Dry over anhydrous potassium carbonate and distil. Collect the diethylnitrosamine at 172-173-5°, The yield is 41 g. 

Y. C. Wu, W. E. Koch, and R. A. Durst, Standardisation of pH Measurements, National Bureau of Standards Special PubHcation 260-53, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1988 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., private communication, 1993. 

A.STM. Standardisation Nem (formerly Materials Kesearch and Standards and, earlier, A.STM bulletin) American Society for Testing and Materials A monthly bulletin which covers ASTM projects, national and international activities affecting ASTM, reports of new relevant technology, and ASTM letter ballots on proposed standards. 

Handbook for Standardisation ofi Nondestructive TestingMethods, Vols. 1 and 2, MIL. HDBK-33, Dept, of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1974 R. E. Englehardt, "BibHography of Standards, Specifications and Recommended Practices," ia Nondestructive Testing Information Mnalysis Center Handbook, Nondestmetive Testing Information Analysis Center, Texas Research Institute, Austin, Tex., Mar. 1979, p. 212. 

European Committeefor Iron and Steel Standardisation (ECISS), Index ofi Standards, PSP2, British Steel, pic.. Head Office Standards, London, U.K., 1986. 

A. Siddiqui, in G. Papaevangelou and W. Hennersu, eds., Developmental biological Studies of Standardisation in Immunophjlaxis of Infections hy Hepatic Viruses Vol. 54, S. Kaigei, Basel, 1983, p. 19. 

Europe, the USA and Japan are under way. In these studies, semen analysis methodology and subject selection criteria have been standardised to address whether there are region-specific differences in semen quality. These data can then be used as a reference point for any studies on future decline in sperm counts. More importantly, it still remains to be demonstrated whether the reported decrease in semen quality is sufficient to compromise fertility. 

Commercially available pre-coated plates with a variety of adsorbents are generally very good for quantitative work because they are of a standard quality. Plates of a standardised silica gel 60 (as medium porosity silica gel with a mean porosity of 6mm) released by Merck have a specific surface of 500 m /g and a specific pore volume of 0.75 mL/g. They are so efficient that they have been called high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates (Ropphahn and Halpap J Chromatogr 112 81 1975). In another variant of thin layer chromatography the... 

Preparation and Standardisation of Alumina. The activity of alumina depends inversely on its water content, and a sample of poorly active material can be rendered more active by leaving for some time in a round bottomed flask heated up to about 200° in an oil bath or a heating mantle while a slow stream of a dry inert gas is passed through it. Alternatively, it is heated to red heat (380-400°) in an open vessel for 4-6h with... 

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