Potassium excess

The urine can be made alkaline by sodium bicarbonate i.v., or by potassium citrate by mouth. Sodium overload may exacerbate cardiac failure, and sodium or potassium excess are dangerous when renal function is impaired. 

The SiK alloy was obtained by reacting under vacuum at 700°C, a potassium excess on silicon in a sealed iron tube.The reactitm mixture was, then, distilled under vacuum at 280°C to remove the excess of potassium [77]. 

The nurse should assess the heart because potassium excess can cause heart rhythm (pulse) and ECG changes, including... 

Regardless of the cause of the hypokalemia, potassium supplements usually are provided to diminish the symptoms and complications. Caution is taken with potassium supplements to avoid excess. If hypokalemia is caused by alkalosis, particular caution is taken with supplements because the correction of alkalosis will cause potassium to shift hack out of the cells, and supplements could result in a potassium excess. 

Body Fluid Compartments Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance Movement of Water and Electrolytes Factors Regulating Movement Imbalances of Water and Electrolytes Water Depletion Water Excess Sodium Depletion Sodium Excess Potassium Depletion Potassium Excess Chloride... 

Why is potassium aluminium sulphate not soluble in benzene A compound M has the composition C = 50.0% H=12.5%o A1 = 37.5%. 0.360 g of M reacts with an excess of water to evolve 0.336 1 of gas N and leave a white gelatinous precipitate R. R dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide and in hydrochloric acid. 20 cm of N require 40 cm of oxygen for complete combustion, carbon dioxide and water being the only products. Identify compounds N and R, suggest a structural formula for M, and write an equation for the reaction of M with water. (All gas volumes were measured at s.t.p.)... 

In what way does a solution of hydrogen peroxide react with (a) chlorine water, (b) potassium permanganate solution, (c) potassium dichromate solution, (d) hydrogen sulphide 50 cm of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide were treated with an excess of potassium iodide and dilute sulphuric acid the liberated iodine was titrated with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate solution and 20.0 cm were required. Calculate the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution in g 1" ... 

The ability of the solid chlorates(V) to provide oxygen led to their use in matches and fireworks. Bromates(V) and iodates(V) are used in quantitative volumetric analysis. Potassium hydrogen diiodate(V), KHflOjlj, is used to standardise solutions of sodium thiosulphate(Vf) since in the presence of excess potassium iodide and acid, the reaction... 

Excess standard acid is added, and the excess (after disappearance of the solid oxide) is estimated by titration with standard potassium manganate(VII). 

Addition of excess potassium nitrite acidified with ethanoic acid gives a precipitate of the potassium hexanitro-cobaltate(lll), K3[Co(N02)6] (P. 403). 

If nickel(II) cyanide, Ni(CN)2, is dissolved in excess potassium cyanide, the orange-red complex salt K2Ni(CN)4. HjO can be crystallised out this contains the stable square-planar [Ni(CN)4] anion. 

To prepare the potassium salt, the mixture of ethanol and sulphuric acid is boiled under reflux, cooled, and treated with an excess of calcium carbonate. 

To ensure the presence of a slight excels of nitrous acid, potassium iodide-starch paper is sometimes used as an external indicator, a drop of the solution being removed from time to time during the addition of the sodium nitrite, and then dropped on to the paper. When an excess of nitrous acid is present, iodine is liberated, and gives the familiar... 

Potassium cupro-cyanide is the most convenient form in which cuprous cyanide can be used in Sandmeyer s Reaction. It is prepared by adding an excess of potassium cyanide to copper sulphate solution, whereby the cupric cyanide which is formed immediately breaks down to give cuprous cyanide and cyanogen, and the cuprous cyanide then dissolves in the excess of potassium... 

Prepare a mixture of 30 ml, of aniline, 8 g. of o-chloro-benzoic acid, 8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 0 4 g. of copper oxide in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with an air-condenser, and then boil the mixture under reflux for 1 5 hours the mixture tends to foam during the earlier part of the heating owing to the evolution of carbon dioxide, and hence the large flask is used. When the heating has been completed, fit the flask with a steam-distillation head, and stcam-distil the crude product until all the excess of aniline has been removed. The residual solution now contains the potassium. V-phenylanthrani-late add ca. 2 g. of animal charcoal to this solution, boil for about 5 minutes, and filter hot. Add dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1 by volume) to the filtrate until no further precipitation occurs, and then cool in ice-water with stirring. Filter otT the. V-phcnylanthranilic acid at the pump, wash with water, drain and dry. Yield, 9-9 5 g. I he acid may be recrystallised from aqueous ethanol, or methylated spirit, with addition of charcoal if necessary, and is obtained as colourless crystals, m.p. 185-186°. 

Since the silver salts of the carboxylic acids are usually soluble in dilute nitric acid, they must be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of a neutral salt of the acid (and not the free acid itself) with silver nitrate solution. It is not practicable to attempt to neutralise the acid with sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, because the least excess of alkali would subsequently cause the white silver salt to be contaminated with brown silver oxide. The general method used therefore to obtain a neutral solution j to dissolve the acid in a small excess of ammonia solution, and then to boil the solution until all free... 

Dibromobutane (from 1 4-butanediol). Use 45 g. of redistilled 1 4-butanediol, 6-84 g. of purified red phosphorus and 80 g. (26 ml.) of bromine. Heat the glycol - phosphorus mixture to 100-150° and add the bromine slowly use the apparatus of Fig. Ill, 37, 1. Continue heating at 100-150° for 1 hour after all the bromine has been introduced. Allow to cool, dilute with water, add 100 ml. of ether, and remove the excess of red phosphorus by filtration. Separate the ethereal solution of the dibromide, wash it successively with 10 per cent, sodium thiosulphate solution and water, then dry over anhydrous potassium carbonate. Remove the ether on a water bath and distil the residue under diminished pressure. Collect the 1 4-dibromobutane at 83-84°/12 mm. the yield 3 73 g. 

Di-n-amyl ether. Use 50 g. (61 5 ml.) of n-amyl alcohol (b.p. 136-137°) and 7 g. (4 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid. The calculated volume of water (5 ml.) is collected when the temperature inside the flask rises to 157° (after 90 minutes). Steam distil the reaction mixture, separate the upper layer of the distillate and dry it with anhydrous potassium carbonate. Distil from a 50 ml. Claisen flask and collect the fractions of boiling point (i) 145-175° (13 g.), (ii) 175-185° (8 g.) and (iii) 185-190° (largely 185-185-5°) (13 g.). Combine fractions (i) and (u), reflux for 1 hour in a small flask with 3 g. of sodium, and distil from the sodium amyloxide and excess of sodium this yields 9 5 g. of fairly pure n-amyl ether (iv). The total yield is therefore 22 - 5 g. A perfectly pure product, b.p. 184 185°, is obtained by further distillation from a Little sodium. 

The residue in the flask will contain the sodium (or potassium) salt of the acid together with excess of alkali. Just acidify with dilute sulphuric acid and observe whether a crystalline acid separates if it does, filter, recrystallise and identify (Section 111,85). If no crystaUine solid is obtained, the solution may be just neutralised to phenolphthalein and the solution of the alkali salt used for the preparation of a crystaUine derivative. This wiU confirm, if necessary, the results of hydrolysis by method 1. If the time factor is important, either method 1 or the product of the caustic alkali hydrolysis may be used for the identification of the acid. 

Di lve 20 g. of the cyano ester in 100 ml. of rectified spirit and add a solution of 19 2 g. of pure potassium cyanide in 40 ml. of water. Allow to stand for 48 hours, then distil oflF the alcohol on a water bath. Add a large excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid and heat under reflux for 3 hours. Dilute with water, saturate the solution with ammonium sulphate, and extract with four 75 ml. portions of ether. Dry the combined ethereal extracts with anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulphate, and distil off the ether. RecrystaUise the residual acid from excess concentrated hydrochloric acid, and dry in the air. The yield of pure ew-dimethyl-succinic acid, m.p. 141-142°, is 12 g. 

Preparation of the sulphones. Dissolve the 2 4-dinitrophenyl-sulphide in the minimum volume of warm glacial acetic acid and add 3 per cent, potassium permanganate solution with shaking as fast as decolourisation occurs. Use a 50 per cent, excess of potassium permanganate if the sulphide tends to precipitate, add more acetic acid. Just decolourise the solution with sulphur dioxide (or with sodium bisulphite or alcohol) and add 2-3 volumes of crushed ice. Filter off the sulphone, dry, and recrystaUise from alcohol. 

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