Standardisation procedures

The grading and collection of waste paper are not well-standardised procedures. Some countries concentrate on the recovery of papers in... 

Biocide release rate methods were first developed for TBT-containing compounds in an effort to establish limits on their release from AF into marine bodies (Haslbeck and Holm, 2005). The core idea of this kind of methods is to develop standardised procedures which can tell, after as short an experimental time as possible, whether an AF coating will be leaching environmentally acceptable amounts of biocide into sea water. Two such methods are available to measure the release rate of copper, namely the ASTM D6442 and ISO 15181 -... 

With any of the designs of apparatus, considerable care must be taken to ensure accurate alignment of components and to standardise procedures if... 

Approaches to minimising sampling errors (Guder and Wahlefeld, 1983) and preventing the introduction of chemical contamination (Versieck et al., 1982 Heydorn, 1984 Aitio and Jarvisalo, 1994) have been published. To reduce the risks of introducing errors during sampling, metal-free and sterile devices, and standardised procedures should be used. 

There are two standardised procedures for measuring the functional activity of the soil microbial community. These provide an indication of the size and activity of... 

Discussions arose on the verification of the extraction recoveries. At present, there is no standardised procedure to check the extraction efficiency the methods used are briefly summarised above, showing that they differed widely from one laboratory to another. The participants recognised that it would be necessary to find out the most suitable recovery test to propose a standardised procedure in order to avoid possible discrepancies the technique which was most supported was standard addition (e.g. three levels on wet sediment), equilibrating the spiked mixture overnight. 

The work in one central laboratory could be considered for the study of sampling techniques, in particular for environmental or workplace hygiene problems. Finally, a new project using the same approach allowed to set up a standardised procedure for the validation of microbiological methods, compared to a reference method. 

DSC Tg-value determination. A standardised procedure is therefore necessary, to arrive at reproducible results. 

There is no standardised procedure for the hydrolysis of dissolved polymeric uronic acids. Mopper (1977) su ests much milder procedures than are used for sugars since uronic acids are much more labile towards decarboxylation or transformation reactions. The hydrolysis procedure suggested by Burney and Sieburth (1977) may therefore prove to be adequate. The use of cation-exchange resin in the form may also be effective. 

In the following, standardised procedures for ryegrass and curly kale biomonitoring are presented, and the suitability of both methods illustrated by giving examples from own monitoring networks established in urban areas and around industrial emission sources in the vicinity of residential areas. Pros and cons of these methods will be discussed, and the need for further standardisation of such procedures as a pre-requisite for their extensive use in air quality monitoring networks in Europe and elsewhere will be outlined. 

Measurement of workability. Since workabiHty of concrete is a combination of properties (fluidity, cohesion, and compactabiHty), there are several standardised tests that measure one or more of these properties. These tests are based on measuring the behaviour of fresh concrete subjected to a standardised procedure. The most commonly used is the slump test. Fresh concrete is placed in the apparatus shown in Figure 12.1, following a standardised procedure then, the mould is removed, and the concrete will slump under its own weight. The decrease in height measured with respect to the initial height is taken as a measure of the workabihty of concrete. 

Brunner AJ, Murphy N, Pinter G. Development of a standardised procedure for the characterisation of interlaminar delamination propagation in advanced composites under fatigue mode I loading conditions. Eng Fract Mech 2009a 76 2678—89. http // dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.07.014. 

The aim of these standards was to improve analytical methods placing the emphasis on the use of standardised procedures to determine concentrations of micro-organisms within production facilities. It was believed that such standardisation would raise the level of health inspection and make it possible to compare and analyse working conditions in the (biotechnology) sector as a whole and at individual enterprises that use either different or identical technologies and process instrumentation . ... 

Creation, maintenance and management of standardised procedures and instructions... 

An obvious challenge in testing of textured geomembranes manufactured by processes 1 and 3 is the determination of geomembrane thickness. The measurement of thickness cannot usually be performed using the standardised procedures described in Sect. 3.2.2. Sometimes individual test methods fitting to the special geometrical properties of a texture must be... 

Purchas D.B., 1972b. Cake filter testing and sizing. A standardised procedure, Filtr. Sep., 9, 161-171. 

COF is a standardised procedure [37] applied before roughness parameters are calculated from experimental profiles. Low-frequency cut-off filters are used to cut off the range considered to be waviness, generally corresponding to 1 /7 of the measured length of the profile. Valuable information may be lost by this standard technique, however. 

It comes as no surprise to realise that standardised procedures for carrying out such tests do not exist. Indeed, most of the test configurations are similar to those that have been used in the past to test bolted joints between hot rolled steel columns and beams. 

The dielectric strength of a material is, like the properties reported above, very dependent upon molecular structure, the level of impurities and the relative humidity to which the sample has been exposed. Consequently the dielectric strength of a material should be measured under carefully specified conditions. There are several standardised procedures for measuring dielectric strength and in the United States ASTM-D-149 is commonly used. 

Relatively few studies have been made on the feasibility of quantitative FAB analysis. Riley et al. [217] have described a quantification procedure to monitor the paint additive Tinuvin 770 in two coating systems (acrylic melamine and a hydroxy ester melamine). Tinuvin 770 proved to be well suited for FAB analysis in coating extracts on glycerol basis using an internal standardisation procedure. Lay et al. [218] have developed a FAB-MS method for the quantitative analysis of plasticisers (DEHP, including any isomeric dioctyl phthalates) in baby PVC pacifiers that does not require sample extraction, clean-up, or chromatographic separation. A reference material, didecylphthalate (DDP), was added to a solution of the PVC sample in THF as an internal standard. Quantitation was based on the relative... 

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