Flat glasses

By far the highest glass volume produced is for windows and containers. The base glass is a soda-lime composition, which may be modified for special applications. Owing to the Fe content of the natural raw materials, a green tint is observed for thicknesses that are not too small. 

If the product is designed to have a brown or green color (obtained by the use of reducing or oxidizing melting conditions), up to 80% waste glass can be used as a raw material. 

For architectural applications, the surface(s) may be modified by coatings or grinding to achieve specific 

Continuous formation of flat sheets sheet glass) can be performed by drawing a ribbon directly from the melt. Different commercial techniques involve variations in the method used to control the initial point of ribbon formation, and in the direction of draw. All commercial processes involve initial vertical draws, but the ribbon is subsequently 

Fining is also traditionally achieved by adding fining agents, such as 

Stones opaque particles of rock or batch material embedded in the glass Cords thin string of inhomogeneity Seed or blister elongated bubble (-0.5mm) 

Typical pull rates are 0.5-5 m/min producing sheets 3-15 mm thick and up to 3.6 m wide. 

Flat glass is not necessarily flat but is generally liatish Historically, glass windows were not made in the way they are now. There are three basic methods for producing flat glass  

FIGURE 26.7 Principle of drawing from molten glass (a) a circular rod (b) problem of pulling a planar sheet (c) use of a debiteuse and cooling to allow the formation of a sheet of constant width. 

---

Preparation of silver maleate. Dissolve 65 g. of pure maleic acid (Section 111,143) in the calculated quantity of carefully standardised 3-5N aqueous ammonia solution in a 1-htre beaker and add, whilst stirring mechanically, a solution of 204 g. of silver nitrate in 200 ml. of water. Filter oflf the precipitated silver maleate at the pump, wash it with distilled water, and press well with the back of a large flat glass stopper. Dry in an electric oven at 50-60° to constant weight. The yield of the dry silver salt is 150 g. Store in a vacuum desiccator in the dark. 

Flash spinning Flat-bed screen printing Flat film Flat glass... 

Value of all products and services sold by establishments in the flat glass industry. 

Value of products classified in the flat glass industry produced by all industries. 

FGMA GlafingManual, Flat Glass Marketing Assoc., Topeka, Kans., 1974. 

Uses of glass in constmction products fit into three categories flat glass (window glass) fibrous glass and specialty glass products. Each is made by different processes and has different appHcations. 

Flat Glass. Elat glass is widely used in appHcations other than constmction, such as automotive glass, etc, but approximately 57% of the flat glass is used in constmction appHcations, mainly as windows. This represents about 2.2 bHHon worth of material in 1989 for the United States. 

Flach-glas, n. flat glass, specif, plate glass. 

In this spectrophotometer the sample must be placed behind a vertical window. This condition is met either by pressing the sample into a block, which is feasible only when the moisture content is right, or by placing it in a flat glass cell. The cell should be of sufficient thickness to prevent introduction of interferences by reflections off the backing or cell support. 

Gerhardinger, P. F., Flat-Glass Developments Reflect New Applications, / /zoto /c Spectra, pp. 104-105 (Jan. 1995)... 

---