Universal language

Staller, N. Babel Hermetic Languages, Universal Languages, and AntLLanguages in Fin de Siecle Parisian Culture. Art Bidletin 76 (1994) 331—54... 

D.C. McArthur, An Extensible XML Schema Definition for Automated Exchange of Protein Data PROXIML (PROtein extensible Markup Language). University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 2001, available from http //xml.coverpages.org/ proximl.xml. 

Greenberg, J. H. (1966). Language universals. The Hague Mouton Publishers. 

In natural science there is one language universally intelligible,—the language of facts it belongs to nature, and it is permanent as the objects of nature it is the same to the citizen of Paris and of London. 

Long the language universally used in science, the SI has become the dominant language of international commerce and trade. The system is nearly universally employed, and most countries do not even maintain official definitions of any other units. A notable exception is the United States, which continues to use customary units in addition to SI. In the United Kingdom, conversion to metric units is government policy, but the transition is not quite complete. Those countries that still recognize non-SI units (e. g., the US and UK) have redefined their traditional non-SI units in SI units. 

Ricoeur P (1981) The rule of metaphor multi-disciplinary studies of the cieatimi of meaning in language. University of Toronto Press, Toronto Ruthenberg K (2009) Paneth, Kant, and the philosophy of chemistry. Found Chem 11 79-91 Scerri ER (2000) Realism, reduction and the intermediate position . In Bhushan N, Rosenfeld S (eds) Of minds and molecules. Oxford Univea ity Press, New Ywk, pp 51—72 Scerri ER (2005) Some aspects of the metaphysics of chemistry and the nature of the elements. Hyle 11 127-145... 

Popper did not mean to imply that universality is a characteristic of the real world out there. Instead, universality is a characteristic of our theories, of our theoretical language. Universality is something that theories assert, and that is tested when theories are used as a net to capture the world of experience. There is no ontology implied here, and the fact that our theories only approximate the real world out there is an important part of Popper s argument against determinism (Popper, 1988 45). 

Macedonia Albanians 17 November 1991 Constitution of Macedonia, Albanians considered as minority population July 2002 legislation authorising Albanian-language university... 

Elsom-Cook, M. T. Design Considerations of an Intelligent Tutoring System for Programming languages. University of Warwick, Department of Psychology, 1985. 

The programs DRFLA for vapor-liquid and DRELI for liquid-liquid calculations are written in FORTRAN IV source language for the CDC 6400 of the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley. Minor modifications, mostly with regard to input and output, will be required for implementation on most other computer systems. 

In 1986, David Weininger created the SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) notation at the US Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA, Duluth, MN, for chemical data processing. The chemical structure information is highly compressed and simplified in this notation. The flexible, easy to learn language describes chemical structures as a line notation [20, 21]. The SMILES language has found widespread distribution as a universal chemical nomenclature... 

As was said in the introduction (Section 2.1), chemical structures are the universal and the most natural language of chemists, but not for computers. Computers woi k with bits packed into words or bytes, and they perceive neither atoms noi bonds. On the other hand, human beings do not cope with bits very well. Instead of thinking in terms of 0 and 1, chemists try to build models of the world of molecules. The models ai e conceptually quite simple 2D plots of molecular sti uctures or projections of 3D structures onto a plane. The problem is how to transfer these models to computers and how to make computers understand them. This communication must somehow be handled by widely understood input and output processes. The chemists way of thinking about structures must be translated into computers internal, machine representation through one or more intermediate steps or representations (sec figure 2-23, The input/output processes defined... 

M.M. Slaughter, Universal Languages and Scientific Taxonomy in the Seventeenth Century, Cambri< e University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1982. 

The Universal Modeling Language is used to describe a software system [4, 5], Several kinds of diagrams exist to model the diverse properties of the system. Thus a description of the system can be developed that enables the systematic and uniform documentation of the system. The class diagram, for example, represents the classes and their relationships. But also interacting diagrams exist, to describe the dynamic behavior of the system and its objects. 

There is no official or universally accepted definition of what constitutes a "microemulsion." In fact, for several years, some leading scientists in microemulsion research considered the term to be an unnecessary and even an unfortunate one. Nevertheless (Table 1), during the years from about 1975 to 1980 the word ascended from obscurity to ubiquity. By the end of 1996 there were 13 widely available Knglish-language books (1 9) with the word "Microemulsion" in their tides (10). About 70 more books on surfactants are in print, of which those on industrial appHcations (9,11—18), and environmental effects (19—21) are of particular interest here. 

Japan switch to universal pubHcation, output rose quickly above 100,000/yr (- SSO, 000/yr in 1992—1994) language and numbers make quaHty documen-tation a substantial problem... 

The model developed, which has been in use for many years both for the training of professionals and speciaUsts and the preliminary education of nonspeciahsts, leads toward a universal language for odor relationships, and is named the spectmm or field of odor. This spatial model has been based on 42 reference odorants, including vanillin, and is becoming the methodological reference for describing odors (see Odormodification). 

K. L. KeUy and D. B. Judd, Color. Universal language andDictionayy of Names, NBS Special Publication 440, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C., 1976. 

Many general laws of the physical universe are expressible by differentia equations. Specific phenomena are then singled out from the infinity of solutions of these equations by assigning the individual initial or boundary conditions which characterize the given problem. In mathematical language one such problem, the equihbrium problem. 

ASCEND. This framework is by Westerberg and coworkers (Ref. 295) at Carnegie-Mellon University. It features an object-oriented modeling language and is well suited for constructing complex models. 

Welt-meer, n. ocean, -postverein, m. Postal Union, -raum, m. = Weltenraum, -sprache, /. universal language, -stadt, /. metropolis, -teil, m. continent part of the world, weltweit, a. worldwide. 

At the age of sixteen, Townes entered Furman University and received two bachelor s degi ees (modern languages and physics) in 193.S. He continued his education, receiving a master s at Uuke University in 1937 and a doctorate at Cal Tech in 1939. In the summer of 1939, Bell Labs hired him. Numerous lines of research were being undertaken simultaneously at Bell Labs. Most of the work done by Townes initially dealt with basic research and the transmission of telephone and television signals. Worldwide political events, however, soon changed this emphasis. 

Notice that only the last class of unrestricted languages requires a full universal computer (i.e. Turing Machine)-, the other classes require progressively simpler kinds of computers. Each one of these four automata act as a kind of black-box into which is fed a tape of symbols, sequentially, one cell at a time. During each cycle, the black-box reads the symbol at the appropriate cell, responds to that... 

Since, as we have continually been reminded throughout this book, the capacity for some kind of signal propagation is critical for being able to perform arbitrary computational processes, it should come as no surprise that there is a finite intersection between both context-sensitive and unrestricted Chomsky languages - the latter, of which, we recall require the class of universal computers as their accept-... 

In forma tion Physics is a catch-all phrase that refers to attempts to found a physics on a notion of primordial information. Such attempts are based on two basic premises (1) that inf)rmation exists uid( pendently of any seniaiitics that must be used to ascribe a meaiiiiig to it, and (2) all observables found in nature are essentially data structures that the universe uses to encode information with. An electron in this view, for example, is interpreted as a data structure encoding the, eight (currently kiiowii) properties of what we call an electron (mass, charge, spin, etc.). The aim of information physics is to find the appropriate language, or dynamics, for whatever makes up this primordial information. 

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