International organizations

Because of their diversity and complexity as well as the gradual internationalization of the different standards, it has proven necessary to standardize the methods of sample preservation, handling, fractionation, and analysis throughout the chain of separation and treatment. All these stages are the object of precise protocols established by official national and international organizations. They describe in as minute detail as possible the procedures employed not only for each analysis but very often giving different procedures for the same analysis in different matrices. These are the standards or standardized methods discussed in Chapter 7. 

This heading covers such a large number of products and applications that it is difficult to give a complete inventory. For this reason the standards organizations, starting with ISO (International Organization for Standardization ), have published a series of standards to classify these products. 

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

At the international level, the official organization is the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries, the lEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 

The main purposes of the System of accreditation is to ensure reproducibility of measurements, harmonisation of rules and procedures of the National system of accreditation with guidelines of international organizations and national systems of different countries, creation of conditions for mutual recognition of the results of testing, calibration, attestation. 

In order to increase resistance of the container to the effect of the product or to protect the product from the tin plating, an inert, internal organic coating can be appHed. 

GlobalTngineeringDocuments, International Organization for Standardization, Method lSO-6800, Irvine, Calif., 1985. 

Several international organizations have been estabUshed that can offer conservation advice or even practical help in areas of the world where such is not readily available. The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Conservation of Cultural Properties (ICCROM), based in Rome, is an intergovernmental organization that serves over 80 member states, among which is the United States. In the United States, the National Institute for Conservation of Cultural Property (NIC) serves as a fomm to faciUtate information distribution and exchange, coordination and planning between institutions and representatives of the various professions, and to promote pubHc and government awareness of the need for conservation of the cultural... 

Measurement of Fluid Flow hy Means of Orifice Plates, Nobles and Venturi Tubes Inserted in Circular Cross Section Conduits Punning Full, ISO 5167-1980(e), International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1980. 

Several countries have developed their own standard test methods for cellular plastics, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) Technical Committee on Plastics TC-61 has been developing international standards. Information concerning the test methods for any particular country or the ISO procedures can be obtained in the United States from the American National Standards Institute. The most complete set of test procedures for cellular plastics, and the most used of any in the world, is that developed by the ASTM these procedures are pubUshed in new editions each year (128). There have been several reviews of ASTM methods and others pertinent to cellular plastics (32,59,129—131). 

K. H. KeUer, Eluid Mechanics and Mass Transfer in Artificial Organs, American Society of Artificial Internal Organs, Apr., 1973. 

DOL). Similar laws are in place in almost every country in the world and are proposed by such international organizations as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor Organization (ILO). 

ANSI Reporter and Standards Action American National Standards Institute The monthly M/V.97 Eeporternews of poHcy-level actions on standardization taken by ANSI, the international organizations to which it belongs, and the government. Standards Fiction biweekly, Hsts for pubHc review and comment standards proposed for ANSI approval. It also reports on final approval actions on standards, newly pubUshed American National Standards, and proposed actions on national and international technical work. These two pubHcations replace The Magafine of Standards which ANSI, formerly The American Standards Association, discontinued in 1971. 

International Bureau of Weights and Measures Pavilion de Breteuil P-92310, Sevres, Prance International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) 1 me de Varembe 1211 Geneve 20 Swit2edand International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1 me de Varembe CH 1211, Geneve 20 Switzedand... 

Theory and Equipment. Many diseases of the human body can be identified by visual appearance. Tumors in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, for example, possess a characteristic salmon pink color (3). The presence of such a color can be an indication of disease. Endoscopy is the medical imaging tool used to detect such colors in the inside of hoUow internal organs such as the rectum, urethra, urinary bladder, stomach, colon, etc. An endoscope is the instmment used to perform endoscopy. Endoscopic imaging involves the production of a tme color picture of the inside of the human body using lenses and either hoUow pipes, a fiber optic bundle, or a smaU CCD camera. AU three use a large field-of-view, sometimes referred to as a fish eye, lens to aUow a 180° field of view. 

Table 5. Members of the European Union (EU) and the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)...

Lasers can be coupled efficiently to fiber optic devices to deHver intense monochromatic light precisely to the desired region of the body, including internal organs (see Fiber optics). As in other cases of laser-induced photochemistry, biphotonic effects may be important (87). Lasers also offer the advantage of being able to concentrate the incident energy in a spectral bandpass matched to the absorption band of the sensitizer. 

Rigid bones are needed for kinetic motion, support of internal organs, and muscle strength. The bones that compose the human thigh are pound for pound stronger than steel. Nature meets these needs by separating the skeleton into several bones and bone systems, creating joints where the bones intersect. 

Besides internal quaUty audits, there are audits conducted by external authorities for conformance to estabUshed quaUty systems. The two chief standards affecting the chemical industry are the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration Current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulation and the International Organization for Standardization ISO 9000 series. A quaUty system performance-related standard is the Malcolm Baldrige National QuaUty Award... 

International Organization for Standardization, Systems—Modelfor Quality Mssurance in Production and Installation, ISO 9000 1994,... 

ISO 2000, Bubber, Rnw Natural—Specification, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzedand, 1989. 

Rich sources of vitamin A include dairy products such as milk cheese, butter, and ice cream. Eggs as well as internal organs such as the Hver, kidney, and heart also represent good sources. In addition, fish such as herring, sardines, and tuna, and in particular the Hver oil from certain marine organisms, are excellent sources. Because the vitamin A in these food products is derived from dietary carotenoids, vitamin A content can vary considerably. Variation of vitamin A content in food can also result from food processing and in particular, oxidation processes (8). 

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