Responsibility of international organizations

Draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations. General Assembly resolution 66/100 of 9 December 2011, Annex. 

Consent is, in fact, one of the circumstances precluding wrongfulness provided for in Article 20 of the ILC s draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations. In this connection, the commentary to the ILC s draft articles on State responsibility also specifically refers to humanitarian rehef and rescue operations as [ejxamples of consent given by a State which has the effect of rendering certain conduct lawful. See A/56/10, p. 176. 

More than a century ago Claude Bernard speculated that the milieu interne must be maintained to preserve life (B17). Later, Walter Cannon indicated that physical disturbances could elicit a coordinative response of the organism to keep homeostasis (C7). The stress concept of Hans Selye noted that these stimuli that disturbed the physical integrity of the organism resulted in a general adaptation... 

Spangenberg DB. 1984. Use of the Aurelia metamorphosis test system to detect subtle effects of selected hydrocarbons and petroleum oil. In 2nd International symposium on responses of marine organisms to pollutants, Woods Hole, Mass., USA, Apr. 27-29, 1983. Mar Environ Res 14(1-4) 281-304. 

Homeostasis Maintenance of normal, internal stability in an organism by coordinated responses of the organ systems, particularly the endocrine. 

Noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes is the prevalent form of diabetes mellitus found in populations chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic from the environment (Rahman et al, 1998 Tseng, 2002). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of internal organs and peripheral tissues that results in impaired glucose utilization, and, consequently, in abnormally high blood glucose levels between and especially after meals. Insulin resistance and P-cell dysfunction can be induced by chronic arsenic exposure and these defects may be responsible for arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus (Tseng, 2004). 

Recently, a case of vulture mortality was reported from the Indian subcontinent related to NS AID toxicity. Diclofenac is a widely available veterinary NS AID in the Indian subcontinent, used in domestic livestock. Vultures were exposed to the drug when they consumed carcasses of cattle that were treated with diclofenac shortly before death. Experimental studies of this drug in vultures showed marked nephrotoxicity. The gross observations were primarily deposits of urate on the surface of internal organs related to renal failure. Histopathological findings were acute necrosis of the proximal renal tubular epithelium with minimal inflammatory response and deposits of urate crystals (Oaks et al, 2004 Meteyer et al, 2005). 

Like most bacteria, the Microtox strain has many metabolic pathways which function in respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, osmotic stabilization, and transport of chemicals and nutrients into and out of the cell, and which are located within or near the cytoplasmic membrane. The luciferase pathway [9], which functions as a shunt for electrons directly to oxygen at the level of reduced flavin mono-nucleotide, is also located within the cell membrane complex. This, coupled with lack of membrane-aided compartmentalization of internal functions, gives many target sites at or near the cytoplasmic membrane. These factors all contribute to a rapid response of the organisms to a broad spectrum of toxic substances. 

We have built an automatic fluorimeter able to monitor physiological state of photosynthetic organisms at the level of PSII directly under radiation exposure. This study is useful to follow the behaviour and the response of the organisms in space conditions during long-term missions and manned missions to Mars or inside International Space Station. 

There are a large number of papers proposing the internal use of nanocellulose, for example, as implants of the vascular system, carrier for drug delivery into the bloodstream, etc. A problem is that the human organism does not contain cellulolytic enzymes. Therefore it can be expected that the introduction of alien stable nanoparticles or nanofibrils into the internal body systems could cause a thrombus, tumor, or inflammatory or toxic response of the organism. Considering that the problem of nanosafety requires further study, here we will show mainly the external use of the nanocellulose, for example, for personal care, as a skin cure, etc. In some cases, the problem of biocompatibility will also be discussed. 

Standardization on the international level is the responsibility of International Standardization Organization (ISO). ISO Technical Committee 147, founded in 1971, is responsible for the standardization in the field of water... 

This article is based on a paper presented at the 21st congress of International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament (iosot) at Munich in August 2013.1 wish to thank the audience for useful responses. 

In Great Britain the British Standards Institution (2 Park Street, London W.l) is the body responsible for the preparation and promulgation of standards. These are listed in numerical order with a brief abstract of each in the BSI Yearbook, which also includes British Standard Codes of Practice and the publications of international organizations. It has a subject index. New standards are listed in the monthly BSI News. Sectional lists are also issued of standards in specific fields. PD 3457 is entitled British Standards of Indirect Interest to the Chemical Engineering Industry. 

The interaal-age distribution function I(t) is not as important as E(t) and F(t) in the characterization of chemical reactors. However, it is quite important in medicine, where tracer response techniques are used for a variety of purposes such as measuring blood flow rates and characterizing the behavior of internal organs. The interaal-age distribution function is discussed here primarily for the purpose of completeness. 

---