Cultural property

Several international organizations have been estabUshed that can offer conservation advice or even practical help in areas of the world where such is not readily available. The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Conservation of Cultural Properties (ICCROM), based in Rome, is an intergovernmental organization that serves over 80 member states, among which is the United States. In the United States, the National Institute for Conservation of Cultural Property (NIC) serves as a fomm to faciUtate information distribution and exchange, coordination and planning between institutions and representatives of the various professions, and to promote pubHc and government awareness of the need for conservation of the cultural... 

Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties Tokyo, Japan... 

Masschelein-Kleiner, L. (1985), Ancient Binding Media, Varnishes and Adhesives, International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome. 

Sherwood, S. I. (1995), Clearing the air The role of environmental chemistry in the decay of cultural objects, Proc. Int. Symp. Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Tokyo 1990, Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Property, pp. 41-50. 

Following early ETEM investigations using environmental cells, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) has been developed for characterization of surface effects of bulk SEM samples in the presence of gaseous or wet environments (111-114). The method has been applied to the examination of food, wool fibers (111), and polymers (112) and in the conservation of cultural properties (113). Recently, fuel cell catalysts have been characterized using a low-voltage ESEM with a resolution capability of 2 nm (114). 

Jett PR (1993) Two examples of the treatment of ancient silver. In Current Problems in the Conservation of Metal Antiquities, 4-6 October 1993, Tokio National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Tokio, 173-187. 

Conservation of Cultural Property in the United States, National Con-... 

Szent-Ivany, J. J. H. In The Conservation of Cultural Property Identi-... 

H. J. Plenderleith was the Keeper of the Research Laboratory in the British Museum and wrote one of the first comprehensive text books on conservation, The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art (Oxford University Press London, 1956, reprinted with revisions in 1962 the second edition was published in 1971 and was reprinted in 1974). He became Director of the International Centre for the Study of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome, and was past president of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 

Conservation of Cultural Property in the United States. National Conservation Advisory Council Smithsonian Inst. Washington, D.C., 1976. This first report of the NCAC describes the origins and objectives of the council and outlines national needs in conservation. 

Tor ado GJ, Habel K and Green H (1965) Antigenic and cultural properties of cells doubly transformed by polyoma virus and SV40. Virology 27 179-185. 

Maragkoudakis, P. and Tsakalidou, E. 2007. PathogenCombat probiotic protective cultures Properties potential applications. Laboratory of Dairy Research, Agricultural University of Athens. 

The conservation professional must strive to select methods and materials that, to the best of current knowledge, do not adversely affect cultural property or its future examination, scientific investigation, treatment or function . American Institute for Conservation, 1994. 

K. Petersen and I. Hammer, in Biodeterioration of Cultural Property, K. Toishi, H. Arai, T. Kenjo and K. Yamano (eds), Toyo Agency Inc., Tokyo, 1993,263. 

Sawada, Masaaki In International Symposium on Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property—Conservation of Wood Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties Tokyo, 1978 pp 49-58. 

Insect Predators of Cultural Property. Insect predators can often alter the mechanical properties of a sizable wooden structure or artifact within a short period of time. Like biopredators of the low plant orders, insect predators assimilate nutrition from wood. They may also attack wood to make a nesting site. 

Conservators should be able to recognize infestations by type, even if they are not typically found in a specific area of the country. Because of the mobility of modern society, and particularly the buying and selling of European objects for sale in the United States, there has been a considerable increase in both the number and types of wood-degrading insects found in many regions. Many species of insects that degrade cultural properties have been identified as recent additions to previously clear geographic areas. 

Termites. Termites are socializing wood predators believed to have descended from the cockroach family. Of all of the wood-destroying insects, termites account for the greatest amount of damage to cultural property. Often securely hidden in the soil beneath a structure or artifact, termites have developed ingenious methods of migration and survival in hostile environments. Four types should be known to the conservator ... 

There are 66 known species, 6 of which are important as predators of cultural property. They will infest furniture, houses, laminated wood products, and almost any wooden artifect when provided with a suitable source of nutrition and environment. They are diflScult to detect until they have exited from their chambers. 

Furniture Beetles. Anobiidae, an insect family important to the conservator, contains six genera that attack wood. Of the six, Anohium punc-tatum and Xestobium rufovillosum are of particular interest, as they commonly attack cultural property. Both beetles excavate randomly, ignoring anatomical variations, within confined regions that generally are defined by higher MC and lower extractives. 

Other Anobiidae are not as important to the degradation of cultural property, if only because they are less abundant as predators. All varieties will attack the decorative arts and have similar lifestyles and habits. 

Tominaga, T. Proc. 2nd ISCRCPy Cultural Property and Anal. Chem.,... 

By these means, Stephens s work contemplates an evasion of the ethical implications of this historical legacy. This evasion or extrication takes cover under the terms of contested cultural property and the racial designation of bodies in dispute. However, the pressure of the political dilemma underpinning the discussion about essentialism, authenticity, territoriality, purity, and so forth—from race to culture and back again—is never lost. The instant legitimation that Stephens spitefully ascribes to those who declare for the permanence of (white) racism —and the foolishness of those who agree with them—redounds with this historic pressure, a force that is not felt simply because it can be assumed or asserted but because it... 

Kanazawa is situated in the western central part of the Honshu island in Japan, and the Ishikawa Prefecture Museum of Art (IPMA) sits in the heart of the city centre - which offers a variety of museums including the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art - and next to the Kenrokuen Garden, one of most beautiful gardens in Japan. IPMA is the main art gallery of Ishikawa Prefecture and its collection includes a National Treasure and various important cultural properties in its permanent exhibition balls. 

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