International organizations, development

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

Several countries have developed their own standard test methods for cellular plastics, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) Technical Committee on Plastics TC-61 has been developing international standards. Information concerning the test methods for any particular country or the ISO procedures can be obtained in the United States from the American National Standards Institute. The most complete set of test procedures for cellular plastics, and the most used of any in the world, is that developed by the ASTM these procedures are pubUshed in new editions each year (128). There have been several reviews of ASTM methods and others pertinent to cellular plastics (32,59,129—131). 

Table 5. Members of the European Union (EU) and the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)...

FiuaUy, no discussion on poUution prevention would be complete without reference to the ac tivities of the 49-year-old International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO recently created Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) to begin work on new standards for environmental management systems (EMS). The ramifications, especiaUy to the chemical iudustiy, which has become heavUy involved in the development of these standards, wUl be great. TC 207 s activities are... 

In 1983, BSI approached the International Organization of Standardization in Geneva with a view to developing an international quality system standard and eventually a committee was formed. Using BS 5750 as its basis, the ISO 9000 series of standards was born. 

The leading organization in the development of standards in the United States is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is the member body representing the United States in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT). ANSI does not write any standards. It promotes standardization, coordinates efforts toward standardization, and approves standards. It annually publishes a list of American... 

Figure 2.2 Fat, or adipose, cells store extra energy from food. Adipose cells help insulate the body to keep it warm, cushion and protect the internal organs, and store extra energy for later use. When people consume more energy from food, the extra energy is stored as fat in adipose cells. Years ago, this stored energy could be used to avoid starvation in times of famine. Today, people never use this stored fat because famine does not exist in developed countries. These fat cells continue to accumulate and lead to weight gain and eventually to obesity.

Standards dealing with the quality of a service have been developed by a number of national and international organizations. The requirements of an analytical laboratory depend on its size, the range of its activities and the type of analysis carried out. There are therefore a number of Standards that should be considered by an analytical laboratory. These Standards will be covered in more detail in Chapter 9. 

Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons - Part 1 Development and Operation of Proficiency Testing Schemes , ISO/IEC Guide 43-1 1997, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. 

These aims reach much further than the UK as evidenced by other international organizations which have developed, partly as a result of the work in VAM. They include Eurachem (a network of organizations in Europe having the objective of establishing a system for the international traceability of chemical measurements and the promotion of good quality practices) and CITAC (Co-operation on International Traceability in Analytical Chemistry). A wide variety of issues have been identified, all of which need to be addressed to ensure that analytical measurements made in different countries or at different times are comparable. 

Over the last decades direct and indirect environmental effects of human activities has become a focus of special attention of the general public, state authorities, and international organizations. A number of approaches to predict, evaluate, and mitigate human-induced alterations in the biophysical environment have emerged including environmental impact assessment (EIA). EIA has become a powerful tool to prevent and mitigate environmental impacts of proposed economic developments. 

Quality assurance (QA) is a generic term for all activities required to maintain quality in analytical results. These include laboratory management structures and sample documentation procedures, as well as the more practical sample preparation and analysis requirements (as described above). The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) develops standards across a wide range of areas, from screw threads to banking cards. The majority of ISO standards are specific to certain areas they are documented agreements containing technical specifications or precise criteria to be used... 

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