International Organization of Legal

OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology (www.oiml.org) lUPAP - International Union of Pure and Applied Physies (www.iupap.org) IFCC - International Federation of Clinieal Chemistry (www.ifcc.org/ifcc.asp) VIM - International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and associated Terms... 

In particular, methods for analysis of OTA in wine, including both sample preparation and analysis, have to provide LOQ of at least 0.6gg/L (the legal limit is 2ppb), LOD <0.2gg/L, a linearity range of 0.1-100 ppb, and an extraction yield from red and white wines at least 84.6 and 88.4%, respectively (International Organization of Vine and Wine, 2006). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample preparation coupled with LC/MS analysis provides the performances required. Recently, LC/MS methods by direct injection of the sample were developed as well. 

To protect consumers health, many countries have restricted the use of pesticides by establishing legal directives on maximum residue levels (MRLs) to control their levels in food (28). These MRLs sometimes cause conflicts, because residue levels acceptable in one country may be unacceptable in others. This problem has revealed the need to harmonize the different MRLs, which have been dealt with mainly by two international organizations, the European Union (EU) at the European Level, and the Codex Alimentarius Commision of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (28,29). 

Burley, Anne-Marie and Mattli, Walter (1993) Europe before the court a political theory of legal integration. International Organization 47 41-76. 

The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade was adopted on 10 September 1998. The Convention was ratified by 50 countries (Parties) and entered into force (e.i.f.) on February 24, 2004. Presently, it provides a legal basis for the implementing of the existing PIC procedure that was operated on voluntary basis since 1989. UNEP and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) jointly serve as the secretariat for the Convention. 

The risk assessment of pesticides used for plant protection is similar but not identical in most countries. The European Union (EU), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other international organizations have specified legal requirements for toxicity documentations. The following tests should be carried out ... 

Interest in international pharmacopoeial standards was taken up by the World Health Organization s International Pharmacopoeia of 19S2 and its subsequent revisions. This differs from national pharmacopoeias in that it has no legal authority. Within the beginnings of the development of what is now the European Community, a European Pharmacopoeia) Convention was signed in 1964, by whose terms the signatories undertook to make the standards of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) the official standards of their countries. The majority of countries in western Europe are now signatories. 

Limit values enforced by law or other legal regulations are often based on guideline values recommended by expert committees, scientific organizations or international organizations. However, there may be some deviations from these recommendations as a result of political, economic, social or technical considerations and reasons. 

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