International Carbohydrate Organization

The first actual meeting of the Steering Committee took place in Paris (1970) on the Sunday preceding the symposium it was followed by a dinner. This has become a tradition, taken over later by the International Carbohydrate Organization. Its members have generally met on the Sunday before the Symposia the dinner, to which their spouses are invited, is usually a distinguished affair. This is the members only reward for carrying out their (not too onerous) duties. 

President, American Institute of Chemists. Past President, International Carbohydrate Organization. President, US. Advisory Committee for International Carbohydrate Symposia, Inc. General Chaiman, XIII International Carbohydrate Symposium. 

The results obtained by Garcia Gonzalez and his coworkers attracted interest abroad, and it was a source of great satisfaction for him to receive, in 1953, an invitation from Professor M. L. Wolfrom to write the first of his articles in this Series. A further international recognition as a carbohydrate chemist ensued in 1965, when he was invited to serve as a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the new international journal Carbohydrate Research. In 1975, he was asked to contribute with a lecture, subsequently published, on Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkyl Heterocycles, to a Symposium on New Synthetic Methods for Carbohydrates organized by the American Chemical Society to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Society (New York, 1976). 

When W. Ward Pigman, a founder of Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and its first co-editor (with M. L. Wolfrom), died suddenly of a heart attack in the morning hours of September 30,1977, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the scientific world lost an indefatigable and courageous pioneer the academic community, a distinguished and well-liked teacher and those who knew him, a warm and loyal friend. Death reached him while he was attending an International Symposium organized by The Society for Complex Carbohydrates, of which he was the founder, the first president, and a relentless promoter. 

Dedicated to Roy L. Whistler who has done more than any other person to promote and organize the International Carbohydrate Symposia. 

The first to do so was Maurice Stacey he had the same excuse as Courtois the opening of the new chemistry building in Birmingham. Micheel followed two years later, and then J. K. N. Jones organized one in Canada (1967). After some delays, there was another meeting in Paris (1970), again chaired by Courtois he is the only person who chaired two international carbohydrate meetings. 

The ICO issued guidelines, originally compiled by James N. BeMiller in 1989, for the organization of international carbohydrate symposia and these have been of considerable assistance to future organizers. The locations for future symposia are approved tentatively for six years, and definitively for four years, in advance. There has been difficulty only once, with the meeting scheduled for 2006. This date... 

With rapid advances in carbohydrate chemistry, the interest in carbohydrate meetings has increased and biennial meetings appeared to be insufficient to meet the demand. A new series of meetings, restricted to Europe, started in Vienna in 1981 under the name of Eurocarb, was followed by one in Budapest in 1983. These meetings take place biennially in those years in which there is no International Carbohydrate Symposium in 2007 the location is Lubeck (Germany). They are modeled on the International Symposia and are controlled by the European Carbohydrate Organization, representing countries in Europe in which carbohydrate research is carried out. The participants are not exclusively European, for example, in Lisbon (2001) 21% of the plenary lecturers, 11% of the invited lecturers, and 24% of the session chairmen came from countries outside Europe. 

Professionally, he will be long remembered as a creative and enthusiastic scientist and inspiring teacher, for his contributions to carbohydrate chemistry, for his service to the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, to the Polish Chemical Society, to the State Committee for Scientific Research, and to the International and European Carbohydrate Organizations. 

ISO 11292 (International Standards Organization)—Instant Coffee Determination of free and total carbohydrates using HPAEC. 

Eukaryotic cells have evolved a complex, intracellular membrane organization. This organization is partially achieved by compartmentalization of cellular processes within specialized membrane-bounded organelles. Each organelle has a unique protein and lipid composition. This internal membrane system allows cells to perform two essential functions to sort and deliver fully processed membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates to specific intracellular compartments, the plasma membrane and the cell exterior, and to uptake macromolecules from the cell exterior (reviewed in [1,2]). Both processes are highly developed in cells of the nervous system, playing critical roles in the function and even survival of neurons and glia. 

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