Epstein-Barr virus human

Epstein-Barr virus Human T-lymphocyte virus (HTFV-1 and HTFV-2) Social Habits Cigarette smoking Maternal marijuana use Maternal ethanol use... 

Epstein-Barr virus/human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18... 

Pemphigus Herpes simplex virus, human herpes virus-8, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus... 

LIP is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by a very prominent cellular lymphoplasmacytic interstitial infiltrate. Although it is classified as an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (3), it is rarely idiopathic and more often due to one of a variety of conditions including infections (especially Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and Pneumocystis jiroveci), chronic active hepatitis, CVD such as Sjogren syndrome and SLE, drug toxicity, immunodeficiency states, and after bone marrow transplantation (21,40-53). Primary B-cell lymphomas may develop in approximately 5% of patients with LIP associated with Sjogren syndrome (54). 

Richardson JH, Child LA, Lever AM (1993) Packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA requires cis-acting sequences outside the 5 leader region, J Virol 67 3997 005 Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Bym RA, Finer MH (1994) Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8-I- T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 84 2878-2889 Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, Loftin S, Li C, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Heslop HE (1995) Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lympho-proliferation. Lancet 345 9-13... 

Immunocytochemical methods were developed to detect specific antibodies in sera from patients affected by different infectious diseases. P3-HR1 cells, which express Epstein-Barr-virus-induced virus capsid antigens (VCA), were used to search for specific human IgM (class M immunoglobulins) to VCA in infectious mononucleosis patients. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-conjugated anti-IgM antibody was added and detected with CL substrate [25],... 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

Strong mechanistic evidence from rodent models of autoimmune disease of viral or other infectious agents affecting autoimmunity or progression to overt disease, but harder to demonstrate in humans. Enterovirus (Coxsackie virus) focus of epidemiologic studies in type 1 diabetes, Epstein-Barr virus focus of epidemiologic studies in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 

IARC, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi s sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpes virus 8IARC Press, Lyon, France, 1997. 

Chaudhuri B, Xu H, Todorov 1, Dutta A, Yates JL (2001) Human DNA replication initiation factors, ORC and MCM, associate with oriP of Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 10085-10089... 

Dhar SK, Yoshida K, Machida Y, Khaira P, Chaudhuri B, Wohlschlegel JA, Leffak M, Yates J, Dutta A (2001) Replication from oriP of Epstein-Barr virus requires human ORC and is inhibited by geminin. Cell 106 287-296. 

Baumforth KR, Young LS, Flavell KJ, Constandinou C, and Murray PG (1999) The Epstein-Barr virus and its association with human cancers. Mol. Pathol. 52 307-322. 

Rickinson AB, and Moss DJ (1997) Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15 405-431. 

Pharmacology Ganciclovir, a synthetic guanine derivative active against CMV, is an acyclic nucleoside analog of 2 -deoxyguanosine that inhibits replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitive human viruses include CMV, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-I and -2, herpes virus type 6, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, and hepatitis B virus. 

The microenvironment may also influence apoptosis. Exposure of isolated thymocytes to TPA plus ionomycin for 24 hours enhanced apoptosis. On the other hand, when ffiymocytes were cultured in intact lobes, a 24 hour TPA plus ionomycin exposure only marginally induced apoptosis. Therefore, it appears that removing thymocytes from their thymic microenvironment makes the cells more susceptible to certain stimuli, possibly by altering their physiological status. (Moore et al., 1992). Viral infection may also alter apoptosis. Epstein-Barr virus infected human Burkitt s lymphoma cells were particularly sensitive to treatment with PdBu (42% apoptosis at 72 hours), whereas its virus free counterpart displayed only 12% apoptosis (Ishii and Gobe, 1993). 

Ishii HH, Gobe GC (1993) Epstein-Barr virus infection is associated with increased apoptosis in untreated and phorbol ester-treated human Burkitt s lymphoma (AW-Ramos) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192 1415-1423 Ishii H, lirousek MR, Koya D, Taka C, Xia P, Clermont A, Bursell S-E, Kern TS, Balias LM, Heath WF, Stramm LE, Feener EP, King GL (1996) Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC inhibitor. Science 272 728-731... 

H3. Henderson, S., Huen, D., Rowe, M., Dawson, C., Johnson, G., and Rickinson, A., Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRFl protein, a viral homologue of bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8479-8483 (1993). 

Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is capable of inducing cellular transformation, few antibody-producing B lymphocytes display the viral cell surface receptor. Most, therefore, are immune to EBV infection. Even upon successful transformation, most produce low-affinity IgM antibodies, and the cells are often unstable. Having said that, one monoclonal antibody approved for medical use (Humaspect, Table 10.4) is produced by a human lymphoblastoid cell line originally transformed by EBV. 

Imanaka. A short-term in vitro assay for promoter substances using human lymphoblastoid cells latently infected with Epstein Barr virus. Cancer Lett 1981 13 29-37. 

It is an acyclic guanosine analog which require triphosphorylation for activation prior to inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. It is active against cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicellazoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus-8. It is almost 100 times more potent than acyclovir against CMV. 

CMP, CDP, CTP, and synthetic derivatives of these nueleotides have been found to inhibit sialyltransferase activity.301" 02 Interest in such inhibitors is increasing, as they may be expected to serve as anticancer agents.269 901,303 Therefore, regulation of Golgi sialyltransferase activity appears possible by nucleotides as products of sialyl- and other glycosyl-transferase activities.1" 2 Interestingly, Epstein-Barr virus infection of human B, lymphoblastoid cell-lines leads to a diminution of sialyltransferase activity.304... 

Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi s Sarcoma Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8... 

Until recently, only a few studies have utilized human lymphocytes or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from the CEPH to identify heritable traits related to drug sensitivity or other drug-induced pharmacodynamic parameters (3,4). However, these studies are providing evidence for the broad applicability of this approach to pharmacogenomic research. 

Sugimoto M, Tahara H, Ide T et al. Steps involved in immortalization and tumorigenesis in human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer Res 2004 64 3361-3364. 

Acyclovir (Figure 49-2) is an acyclic guanosine derivative with clinical activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, but it is approximately 10 times more potent against HSV-1 and HSV-2 than against VZV. In vitro activity against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is present but weaker. 

There is a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligonucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo. The most common vector systems are based on viral [retroviruses (9, 10), adeno-associated virus (AAV) (11), adenovirus (12, 13), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (14)] andnonviral [cationic liposomes (15,16), polymers and receptor-mediated polylysine-DNA] complexes (17). Other viral vectors that are currently under development are based on lentiviruses (18), human cytomegalovirus (CMV) (19), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (20), poxviruses (21), negative-strand RNA viruses (influenza virus), alphaviruses and herpesvirus saimiri (22). Also a hybrid adenoviral/retroviral vector has successfully been used for in vivo gene transduction (23). A simplified schematic representation of basic human gene therapy methods is described in Figure 13.1. 

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