Cis-acting sequences

Richardson JH, Child LA, Lever AM (1993) Packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA requires cis-acting sequences outside the 5 leader region, J Virol 67 3997 005 Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Bym RA, Finer MH (1994) Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8-I- T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 84 2878-2889 Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, Loftin S, Li C, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Heslop HE (1995) Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lympho-proliferation. Lancet 345 9-13... 

It is important to note that not all of the variability in Lp(a) levels can be explained by isoform size variability in Caucasians, only 40-70% of the variation results from differences in the numbers of kringle IV repeats in the gene (B15, B16). Interindividual variation (—22%) also occurs as a result of as yet undefined cis-acting sequences at the apo(a) locus (B15). In some cases, unrelated individuals with the same-sized apo(a) gene and protein have been shown to possess markedly different plasma Lp(a) concentrations (B15, L5) within families, however, the relationship between apo(a) gene size and plasma Lp(a) con-... 

Dover GJ, Brusilow S, Charache S (1994) Induction of fetal hemoglobin production in subjects with sickle cell anemia by oral sodium phenylbutyrate. Blood 84 339-343 El Kharroubi A, Martin MA (1996) cis-acting sequences located downstream of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter affect its chromatin structure and transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol 16 2958-2966... 

Transcription control factors promote or prevent RNA polymerase binding. Various trans-acting factors (proteins) bind at specific cis-acting sequences. These factors can bind upstream of the promoter. Other factors bind to enhancer sequences and the chromatin folds to allow the enhancer-binding factors to bind to the proteins at... 

Differential allele expression assays show that cis- and trans- acting sequences regulate transcription of DTNBP1 (cf. Bray et al., 2003, 2005, 2008). One or more cis-acting sequence occurs at chromosomal... 

Skarin T, Becher R, Bucht A, Duvefelt K, Bohm S, et al. 1999. Cis-acting sequences from the rat cytochrome P4502B1 gene confer pulmonary and phenobarbital-inducible expression in transgenic mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 21 177-84... 

Furthermore, the biosafety of the vectors is markedly improved by the development of SIN vectors. These vectors contain large deletions in the transcriptional activation unit in the 3 U3 region of the LTR (42,43), which results in inactivation of LTR and reduces the risk of recombination with wild-type vims. Recently, another cis-acting sequence has been added to the vector. This sequence, the central polypurine tract (cPPT) from the pol ORF, has been demonstrated to improve nuclear import of the proviral DNA and subsequently accelerates transduction (Figure 3) (44,45). 

Kaul M, Yu H, Ron Y, Dougherty JP. 1998. Regulated lentiviral packaging cell line devoid of most viral cis-acting sequences. Virology 249 167-74... 

Macdonald, P.M., Struhl, G. 1988. Cis-acting sequences responsible for anterior localization of bicoid mRNA in Drosophila embryos. Nature 336, 595-598. 

F29. Freund, Y. R., Dedrick, R. L., and Jones, P. P. Cis-acting sequences required for class II gene regulation by interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha in a murine macrophage cell line. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1283-1299 (1990). 

The identification of the cis-acting sequences and protein factors involved in ribosomal DNA transcription strongly suggested that the network of protein-protein and protein—DNA interactions among UBF, SL1, and the promoter elements plays a major role in the assembly of a stable preinitiation complex. A number of studies have established that UBF and SL1 play a key role in this process and are necessary to direct a high level of RNA Pol I transcription in vitro. The current stepwise model of factors assembly predicts that the binding of UBF dimer to the UCE and CORE elements is a prerequisite for the recruitment of the selectivity factor SL1 to the rDNA promoter (Fig. 4, step I). Biochemical studies have indicated that two subunits of SL1, TAFi-18 and TBP, interact directly with the carboxy-terminal acidic domain of UBF (Beckmann et al., 1995 Tuan et al., 1999 step II). This finding demonstrates that the function of the carboxyl-terminal activation domain of UBF is to recruit the essential... 

Linney et al. (79) and Gorman et al. (80) presented evidence that retroviral expression in EC-cells is impaired because of inappropriate functioning of cis-acting sequences within the M-MuLV LTR. The existence of trans-acting factors in embryonal cells which interact with these sequences has been postulated (80,81). When foreign genes introduced into recombinant retroviral vectors are transferred to mouse embryos or EC/ES-cells, the described expression block can be overcome when strong internal promoters are placed in the vector construct (10,20,25) or the LTR is partially deleted and replaced by other enhancers (14). 

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