Epstein-Barr virus infection

Rickinson AB, and Moss DJ (1997) Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15 405-431. 

The microenvironment may also influence apoptosis. Exposure of isolated thymocytes to TPA plus ionomycin for 24 hours enhanced apoptosis. On the other hand, when ffiymocytes were cultured in intact lobes, a 24 hour TPA plus ionomycin exposure only marginally induced apoptosis. Therefore, it appears that removing thymocytes from their thymic microenvironment makes the cells more susceptible to certain stimuli, possibly by altering their physiological status. (Moore et al., 1992). Viral infection may also alter apoptosis. Epstein-Barr virus infected human Burkitt s lymphoma cells were particularly sensitive to treatment with PdBu (42% apoptosis at 72 hours), whereas its virus free counterpart displayed only 12% apoptosis (Ishii and Gobe, 1993). 

Ishii HH, Gobe GC (1993) Epstein-Barr virus infection is associated with increased apoptosis in untreated and phorbol ester-treated human Burkitt s lymphoma (AW-Ramos) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192 1415-1423 Ishii H, lirousek MR, Koya D, Taka C, Xia P, Clermont A, Bursell S-E, Kern TS, Balias LM, Heath WF, Stramm LE, Feener EP, King GL (1996) Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC inhibitor. Science 272 728-731... 

CMP, CDP, CTP, and synthetic derivatives of these nueleotides have been found to inhibit sialyltransferase activity.301" 02 Interest in such inhibitors is increasing, as they may be expected to serve as anticancer agents.269 901,303 Therefore, regulation of Golgi sialyltransferase activity appears possible by nucleotides as products of sialyl- and other glycosyl-transferase activities.1" 2 Interestingly, Epstein-Barr virus infection of human B, lymphoblastoid cell-lines leads to a diminution of sialyltransferase activity.304... 

Haan, K.M., Aiyar, A. and Longnecker, R. (2001) Establishment of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection and stable episomal maintenance in murine B-cell lines. J. Virol., 75, 3016-3020. 

Whelton CL, Salit I, Moldofsky H. Sleep, Epstein-Barr virus infection, musculoskeletal pain, and depressive symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992 19 939-943. 

Nephrotic patients (especially children) are prone to bacterial infections. Before antibiotics and corticosteroids were introduced into the therapy, pneumonia, peritonitis, and sepsis (usually caused by pneumococci) were the most frequent cause of death of nephrotic children with minimal change disease. Infections are more frequent in nephrotic children and after the age of 20 their prevalence markedly decreases because the majority of adults have antibodies against the capsular antigens of pneumococci. Infections remain an important complication of nephrotic syndrome in developing countries. In developed countries, nephrotic patients treated by immunosuppressive agents may frequently suffer from viral infections (mainly herpesvirus infections, e.g., cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections). 

C21. Chiang, A. K., Chan, A. C., Srivastava, G., and Ho, F. C., Nasal T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphomas are derived from Epstein-Barr virus-infected cytotoxic lymphocytes of both NK-and T-cell lineage. Int. J. Cancer 73, 332-338 (1997). 

R14. Rubin, D., Hudnall, S. D., Aisenberg, A., Jacobson, J. O., and Harris, N. L., Richter s transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with Hodgkin s-like cells is associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Mod. Pathol. 7, 91-98 (1994). 

Although most of these immune complex materials appear to be combinations of IgG-IgG rheumatoid factor or IgG-IgM rheumatoid factor, other antigen-antibody systems may be important as well. The majority of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis have antibodies to nuclear antigens present in Epstein-Barr virus-infected human cell lines (All, C6, N4, T4). Indeed, some rheumatoid factors appear to have dual specificity for both autologous IgG and these nuclear antigens (A13). Other, as yet unknown, types of complexes may be important as well (L3). 

Carr A, Cooper D A 2000 Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 356 1423-1430 Cohen J12000 Epstein-Barr virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine 343 481-492 Couch R B 2000 Prevention and treatment of... 

Edoute, Y., Baruch, Y., Lachter, X, Furman, E., Bassan, L., Assy, N. Case report Severe cholestatic jaundice induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection in the elderly. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1998 13 821 -824... 

Hinedi, T.B., Koff, R.S. Cholestatic hepatitis induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection in an adult. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2003 48 539-541... 

N., Tassopoulos, N.C. Fulminant hepatitis due to Epstein-Barr virus infection. J. Hepatol. 1995 23 348—350... 

Shaw, N.J., Evans, J.H. Liver failure and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Arch. Dis. Childh. 1988 63 432-433... 

M. Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 after Epstein-Barr virus infection. 92. 

Of all transplant-related lymphomas 15% are of T cell origin and are unrelated to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cutaneous T cell lymphomas are rare and carry a good prognosis, with a 90%, 4-year survival rate. Regression is often observed when immunosuppression is withdrawn or reduced. 

Low-dosage methotrexate is also a possible factor in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease, but the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in these cases is unclear. Epstein-Barr virus infection does not appear to be mandatory for the development of Ijmphoproliferation in patients taking methotrexate, but it was nevertheless found in about one-half of patients who developed lymphomas (SEDA-22, 389) (115,120). 

Cox KL, Lawrence-Miyasaki LS, Garcia-Kennedy R, Lennette ET, Martinez OM, Krams SM, Berquist WE, So SK, Esquivel CO. An increased incidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection and lymphoproliferative... 

Thyphronitis, G., Toskos, G.C., June, C.H., Levine, A D. and Finkelman, F.D. (1989). IgE secretion by Epstein-Barr virus infected purified human B lymphocytes is stimulated by IL-4 and suppressed by IFNy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5580-5584. 

Lymphocytes comprise 15% to 40% of all WBCs and are of central importance to the immune system. Two functional types of lymphocytes are the T cell, which is involved in cell-mediated immunity, and the B cell, which produces antibodies involved in humoral immunity. Lymphocytosis frequently is associated with acute viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus infection (mononucleosis) and cytomegalovirus in fection and rarely with unusual bacterial infections (i.e.. Brucella spp. infections). 

Bowman F, Gultekin H, Dickman PS. Latent Epstein-Barr virus infection demonstrated in low-grade leiomyosarcomas of adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but not in adjacent Kaposi s lesion or smooth muscle tumors in immunocompetent patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997 121 834-838. 

Jenson HB, Montalvo EA, McClain KL, et al. Characterization of natural Epstein-Barr virus infection and replication in smooth muscle cells from a leiomyosarcoma./Med Virol. 1999 57 36M6. 

Guinee Jt D, Jaffe E, Kingma D, et al. Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Evidence for a proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus infected B-lymphocytes with a prominent T-cell component and vasculitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994 18(8) 753-764. 

Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Firm T, et al. Heterogeneous Epstein-Barr virus infection patterns in peripheral T-cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy type. Blood. 1992 80(7) 1804-1812. 

There has been considerable interest in the role of Epstein-Barr virus in the etiology of several autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Epstein-Barr virus is a common infection. Most people (90% or more) are infected, without symptoms or with only mild, nonspecific symptoms, during childhood. When people are exposed as teenagers or as adults, however, infection may result in mononucleosis. Of importance with respect to autoimmune diseases, Epstein-Barr virus infects B cells and results in a latent infection. A close similarity between a peptide sequence in the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 and a sequence in the Sm autoantigen, one of the autoantibodies seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, has been reported (Sabbatini et al., 1993). In addition, several epidemiological studies have demonstrated strong associations between exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, as demonstrated by virus-specific IgG or IgA antibodies, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in children (James et al., 1997) and adults (James et al., 2001 Parks et al., 2005). 

James JA, Kaufman KM, Farris AD, Taylor-Albert E, Lehman TJ, Harley JB (1997) An increased prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in young patients suggests a possible etiology for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest, 100 3019-3026. 

Martyn CN, Cruddas M, Compston DA (1993) Symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 56 167-168. 

Parolini S, Bottino C, Falco M et al 2000 X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. 2B4 molecules displaying inhibitory rather than activating function are responsible for the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. Exp Med 192 337—346... 

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