Herpesvirus saimiri

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is another slow-growing herpesvirus which has very little inhibitory effect on host macromole- 

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There is a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligonucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo. The most common vector systems are based on viral [retroviruses (9, 10), adeno-associated virus (AAV) (11), adenovirus (12, 13), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (14)] andnonviral [cationic liposomes (15,16), polymers and receptor-mediated polylysine-DNA] complexes (17). Other viral vectors that are currently under development are based on lentiviruses (18), human cytomegalovirus (CMV) (19), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (20), poxviruses (21), negative-strand RNA viruses (influenza virus), alphaviruses and herpesvirus saimiri (22). Also a hybrid adenoviral/retroviral vector has successfully been used for in vivo gene transduction (23). A simplified schematic representation of basic human gene therapy methods is described in Figure 13.1. 

TNF-a, IL-12, and GMCSF (CaudeU et aL, 2002). However, when IL-24 is over expressed via an adenovirus gene delivery system, it selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells but not normal cells (Madireddi et at, 2000 Mhashilkar et at, 2001). The mechanisms that distinguish the different biological activities of lL-24 are currently under intense investigation. Finally, lL-26 was identified as a molecule secreted by T-cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri (Knappe et at, 2000). lL-26 has been shown to be up-regulated in NK and T cells by 1L-2/1L-12 and anti-CD3 antibody. However, the specific functional properties of lL-26 have not been reported. 

Knappe, A., Hor, S., Wittmann, S., and Fickenscher, H. (2000). Induction of a novel cellular homolog of interleukin-10, AK155, by transformation of T lymphocytes with herpesvirus saimiri./. Virol. 74, 3881-3887. 

Klein JL, Fickenscher H, Holliday JE, et al. Herpesvirus saimiri immortalized gamma delta T cell line activated by IL-12. J Immuno 1996 156 2754-60. 

Yao Z, Fanslow WC, Seldin MF, et al. Herpesvirus Saimiri encodes a new cytokine, IL-17, which binds to a novel cytokine receptor. Immunity 1995 3 ... 

Various viruses encode proteins with sequenee homology to host proteins which are known to be involved in host defense functions. Viruses pirate and modify key immunoregulatory molecules, by use of molecular mimicry, to elude the Immune system (Murphy, 1997). Viruses also encode proteins that exploit or alter their host cells, replicate or induce migration for virus dissemination. Interestingly, DNA viruses such as the Herpesviruses (Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus (HHV-6 and 7), herpesvirus Saimiri (HVS) and Kaposi s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)) all express GPCRs (Table 2). 

Nicholas, J., Cameron, K.R., Honess, R.W., 1992. Herpesvirus saimiri encodes homologues of G protein-coupled receptors and cyclins. Nature 355, 362-365. 

Fodor WL, Rollins SA, Bianco-Caron S, Rother RP, Guilmette ER, Burton WV, Albrecht JC, Fleckenstein B, Squinto SP (1995) The complement control protein homolog of herpesvirus saimiri regulates serum complement by inhibiting C3 convertase activity. J Virol 69 3889-3892... 

Jung JU, Choi JK, Ensser A, Biesinger B (1999) Herpesvirus saimiri as a model for gammaherpesvirus oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 9 231 239... 

Renne R, Zhong W, Herndier B, McGrath M, Abbey N, Ganem D (1996) Lytic growth of Kaposi s sarcoma-associate herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat Med 2 342- 346 Rother RP, Rollins SA, Fodor WL, Albrecht JC, Setter E, Fleckenstein B, Squinto SP (1994) Inhibition of complement-mediated cytolysis by the terminal complement inhibitor of herpesvirus saimiri. J Virol 68 730-737... 

Meinl E, Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H, Fleckenstein B (1995) Immortalization of human T cells by herpesvirus saimiri. Immunol Today 16 55-58... 

In opposition, leukemias of the New Word monkeys (marmosets, tamarins) are caused by herpesviruses. The reticuloendothelial virus sequence-carrier Marek s avian (turkeys) herpesvirus represents a unique unison of the two viral taxa reviewed in [27]. The genome of the gammaherpesvirus of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), Herpesvirus saimiri, operates from its epigenomic position by emitting small RNAs inhibitory to host cell mRNAs. The H. saimiri genomic tip-484 (tyrosine kinase interacting protein) constitutively activates host ceU Lck (Src family member lymphocyte-specific p56 protein tyrosine kinase) and STAT to... 

RosenkUde, M.M., McLean, K.A., Holst, P.J., and Schwartz, T.W. (2004) The CXC chemokine receptor encoded by herpesvirus saimiri, ECRF3, shows Kgand-regulated signaling through Gi,... 

Mitchell, J.L., Trible, R.P., Emert-Sedlak, L.A., et al. (2007) Functional characterization and conformational analysis of the Herpesvirus saimiri Tip-C484 protein. Journal of Molecular Biology, 366 (4), 1282-1293. 

Ahuja, S. K. and Murphy, P. M. (1993) Molecular piracy of mammalian interleukin-8 receptor type B by herpesvirus saimiri. J. Biol. Chem. 268,20,691-20,694. 

Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is a primate-restricted T-lymphotropic y-herpesvirus that is closely related to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human B-lymphotropic y-herpesvirus (53,58). HVS does not cause disease in its natural host the squirrel monkey, but induces fatal leukemias and lymphomas in other primates. ECRF3 is one of 14 ORFs of HVS that lack homologs in EBV, and that have sequence homology with known cellular proteins (53). 

Murthy, S. C., Trimble, J. J., and Desrosiers, R. C. (1989) Deletion mutants of herpesvirus saimiri define an open reading frame necessary for transformation. J. Virol. 63,3307-3314. Boshoff, C. and Moore, P. S. (1997) Kaposi s sarcoma—associated herpesvirus a newly recognized pathogen. AIDS Clin Rev 323-347. 

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