Coxsackie virus

Bacterial and viral myositis is well recognized as a clinical entity by muscle pathologists. The viruses most commonly involved appear to be the Coxsackie viruses, the arboviruses, influenza virus, and HIV, but the mechanism whereby the viral infection gives rise to the myositic syndrome is not known. A detailed discussion of such problems is presented later on pages 333-334. 

Strong mechanistic evidence from rodent models of autoimmune disease of viral or other infectious agents affecting autoimmunity or progression to overt disease, but harder to demonstrate in humans. Enterovirus (Coxsackie virus) focus of epidemiologic studies in type 1 diabetes, Epstein-Barr virus focus of epidemiologic studies in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 

Zhu H, Zhang Y, Ye G Li Z, Zhou P, Huang C. (2009) In vivo and in vitro antiviral activities of calycosin-7-O-P-D-glucopyranoside against coxsackie virus B3. Biol Pharm Bull 32 6S-73. 

F (enhanced inflammatory response in the hearts of mice challenged with coxsackie virus B3)... 

Antiviral activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried leaf, in cell culture at a concentration of 0.2 mL/well, was equivocal on poliovims inactive on herpes virus, measles, and Semliki Forest virus and produced weak activity on coxsackie virus Pretreatment of mice with sesame extract failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HlV-1) infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice with oral administration of 10 g/kg of the extract "". ... 

Pyrazolo[3,4-, pyrimidines 427 and 428 were synthesized and their antiviral activity was evaluated in a plaque reduction assay. It is very interesting that this class of compounds provide remarkable evidence that they are very specific for human enteroviruses, in particular coxsackie viruses <2004BML2519>. 

The structures of five HRVs have been solved to date HRVs 1 A, 3,14, 16, and 50. In all of these HRVs, as well as the polio- and coxsackie viruses, VP1 hydrophobic pockets have been observed [5,12,13,15,17,24,70,71] (HRV3, Zhao, R. et al., personal correspondence HRV50, Giranda V. L. et al., unpub-... 

A number of virus diseases and virus related topics are described in this encyclopedia. Check alphabetical index for antiviral drugs, cancer research, cluckenpox, common cold coxsackie virus, dengue (breakbone fever), hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, measles, mumps, Norwalk virus, poliomyelitis, rabies. Rift Valley fever, vaccinia, virus diseases (plants), and yellow fever. 

The cause of type 1 diabetes is not fuUy understood. An autoimmune attack (to the /3-cells of the pancreas) may be triggered by reaction to an infection, for example by one of the viruses of the Coxsackie virus family or German measles, although the evidence is inconclusive. Individuals may display genetic vulnerability an observed inherited tendency to develop type 1 diabetes has been traced to particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes (the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans is known as the HLA system). Environmental factors can also strongly influence expression of type 1 diabetes. 

Virus infections Acute viral hepatitis (HAV, HEV, HCV) is accompanied by cholestasis in 5-20% of cases. (63) The frequency differs from country to country. It is most prevalent in those with a severe form of the disease, elderly people and women. Cholestasis is also common in viral infections with concomitant hepatitis, especially due to CMV, Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, HSV (types I, II, IV), HIV, REO virus (type III), parvovirus (type B 19), and ECHO virus (types 9, 11, 14, 19). 

The most important virus species with regard to their ability to cause concomitant inflammatory reactions of the liver are (1.) herpesviruses, (2.) rubella viruses, (i.) Coxsackie viruses, and (4.) paramyxoviruses, (s. tab. 23.1)... 

This virus species derived its name from the town of Coxsackie in the state of New York, where virological evidence thereof was successfully obtained for the first time. Coxsackie viruses are assigned to the picornavirus group, consisting at present of 23 A and 6 B types. Coxsackie hepatitis with mesenchymal reactions, portal infiltration and focal hepatocellular necrosis sometimes occurs, especially in infants. Cholestatic, predominantly centrolobular forms of the disease, can develop in adults. A lethal course is extremely rare. (66-68) The course of infection with the Coxsackie type B4 or B5 virus may give rise to the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome with the development of the typical violin string-like adhesive strands. (65) (s. fig. 24.2)... 

Sun, N.C., Smith, V.N. Hepatitis associated with myocarditis unusual manifestation of infection with coxsackie virus group B, type 3. New Engl. J. Med. 1966 274 190-193... 

Antiviral activity has been demonstrated mainly for A. membranaceus, that represents the most studied species, expecially against Coxsackie viruses [234] but also against different kinds of viral infections. "Astragali radix" extracts show protective effects against Japanese Encephalitis Vitus (JEV) infection in mice both by oral and infraperitoneal injection this effect is based on a non-specific mechanism during the early stage of injection, before it shifts to antibody production. A. membranaceus (AM) shows curative effects on the mice infected with Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) when somministated with acyclovir (ACV) [329]. The anti-HSV activity of suppository and ointment forms of AM combined... 

Viral Virulence. It is now considered possible that an unusually virulent strain of the Coxsackie virus is part of the cause of cardiomyopathy in selenium-depleted regions of China. This is consistent with the marked seasonal variations in the incidence of tlie disease. 

About two-thirds of colds are caused by rhinoviruses - members of the picomavirus group (as are the polio viruses), and all of them are RNA-(+)-viruses. These have an icosahedral (20-sided, near-spherical) shape and their protein coat is made from four different proteins with widely differing amino acid compositions. It is not therefore surprising that there are more than 90 serotypes hence, there is little possibility of a useful vaccine, and none of us has much chance of becoming immune to all forms of the common cold. Other viruses that produce the symptoms of a cold include coronaviruses, adenoviruses, coxsackie viruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, respiratory syncitial viruses, echoviruses and enteroviruses. 

Diabetes mellitus type 1 Coxsackie virus, enteroviruses, cytomegalovirus... 

Polymyositis/ dermatomyositis Coxsackie virus, parvovirus, enterovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Toxoplasma, Borrelia... 

Adenovirus (Ad5-based vectors) DNA 7.5 kb >35kb = gutted RPE, Muller, corneal endothelial, trabecular meshwork, iris -(peak = 3-4 days) ++ Cellular Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (7) otv integrin (7)... 

Pyrazomycin. Pyrazomycin (11), 3-(l-p-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-hydroxypyrazole 5-carboxamide, is isolated from S. Candidas (1—4,9,10). The incorporation of [2-13C]acetate and [1- and U-14C]glutamate into the four contiguous carbons of pyrazomycin has been reported (11,12). Pyrazomycin 5 -phosphate inhibits orotidylic acid decarboxylase. Pyrazomycin inhibits adenosine phosphorylation and decreases the incorporation of deoxyuridine into DNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells in culture. It also inhibits the growth of tumor cells and the cytopathic effects of vaccinia, herpes simplex, vesicular stomatitis, Newcasde disease, measles, Sindbis, polio, hepatitis A, and coxsackie viruses (13,14). The inhibitory action of (11) on viral multiplication is reversed by uridine. 

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