Nasopharyngeal carcinomas

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Burkitt s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lymphoproliterative disorders in immuno-suppressed patients (e.g., AIDS, transplant recipients) EBNA-1 Inhibition of cell proliferation... 

Therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been demonstrated in clinical trials for cytomegalovirns (CMV)-associated disease (Walter et al. 1995), for EBV-associated lymphoma (Rooney et al. 1995) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Comoli et al. 2005) as well as for chronically active EBV infection (Savoldo et al. 2002). 

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Epstein-Barr virus Herpes DNA... 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

Li Lb, Luo Re, Liao Wj, Zhang Mj, Luo Yl, Miao Jx (2006) Clinical study of Photofrin photodynamic therapy for the treatment of relapse nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 3 266-271. 

Lee TY, et al. A novel peptide specifically binding to nasopharyngeal carcinoma for targeted drug delivery. Cancer Res 2004 64 8002. 

As in cancer predisposing syndromes, these genetic alterations are sometimes carried in the germline. Among human tumours, heritable mutations are an exception. Most alterations are acquired in somatic life in the form of chromosomal translocations, deletions, inversions, amplifications or point mutations. Certain oncogenic viruses play important roles in a few human tumours. Examples are human papilloma-virus in cervical cancer and skin tumours, Ep-stein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt s lymphoma, and human T-cell leukaemia viruses (e.g. HTLV-I, HTLV-II) in T-cell leukaemia. 

Patients who were irradiated for 5 weeks with photons of 8 MV of energy at 3 Gy/min, for nasopharyngeal carcinoma or pituitary adenoma, became less sensitive to odors. Their thresholds for amylacetate and eugenol were determined before and several times after radiotherapy. One week after irradiation, the thresholds had increased from 10 to 2 dilution steps. Sensitivity recovered over the subsequent weeks, reaching 6-8 dilution steps 6 months after treatment. The dose received by the olfactory area was estimated as 2Gy/day (Ophir etal, 1988). 

Ho CK, Lo WC, Huang PH, et al Suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma in three workers with long-term exposure to sulphuric acid vapour. Occup Environ Med 56(6) 426-8, 1999... 

Al-Sarraf M, Pajak TF, Cooper JS, Mohuiddin M, Herskovic A, Ager PJ. Chemo-radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1990 8 1342-1351. 

Cheng SH, Jian J J-M, Tsai SYC, et al. Long-term survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma following concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000 48 1323-1330. 

A1 Saraf and colleagues have changed the standard treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based upon a large randomized, prospective, phase III intergroup trial of 185 patients randomized to radiation therapy alone or concomitant chemoradiation therapy... 

Munro and colleagues evaluated 54 trials including those prior to 1965 (71). Two trials included were specifically for maxillary sinus carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additionally, the Veteran s Laryngeal Cancer study with the end-point being organ preservation was also included. In this study, the overall benefit of adding chemotherapy was 6.5% (3.7% for induction, 12.1% for concomitant, adjuvant chemotherapy was not assessed). 

Chan ATC, Teo PML, Leung TWT, Johnson PJ. The role of chemotherapy in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1998 82 1003-12. 

Yokes EE, Liebowitz DN, Weichselbaum RR. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet 1997 350 1087-91. 

Wang X, Jin DY, Wong YC et al. Correlation of defective mitotic checkpoint with aberrantly reduced expression ofMAD2 protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2000, 2. 2293-2291. 

Cheung HW, Jin DY, Ling MT et al. Mitotic arrest deficient 2 expression induces chemosensitiza-tion to a DNA-damaging agent, cisplatin, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2005 65 1450-1458. 

Salvia chinensis Benth. S. pogonocalyx Hance S. przewalskii Maxim. S. miltiorrhiza Bunge. Shi Jian Chuan (rhizome) Scutellarin, danshenols.60-440-507 Treat abdominal pain, arthritis, inflammation, metrorrhagia, uteritis, women s diseases, treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 

Stauntonia hexaphylla Dence S. chinensis Bunge. Ye Mu Gua (fruit, stem, root) Stauntonin.50-440 Antirheumatic, diuretic, treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 

Chen, C. Q., T. X. Lu, and H. Q. Min. 1996. Prospective study of radiosensitizing activity of three Chinese herbal agents in combination in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Zhongguo Zhongliu Linchuang 23 483-485. 

The Epstein-Barr viruses play an etiological role in infectious mononucleosis, an acute infections disease that affects lymphoid tissue throughout the body. A strong association of this virus with Burkitf s lymphoma and perhaps nasopharyngeal carcinoma also has been observed. 

Rodrigo, J.P., Garcia-Pedrero, J.M., Fernandez, M.P., Morgan, R.O., Suarez, C., and A. Herrero, 2005, Annexin A1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma correlates with squamous differentiation. Am J Rhinol. 19(5) 483-7. 

Chen, L., Wang, L., Zhu, L., Nie, S., Zhang, J., Zhong, P., Cai, B., Luo, H. and Jacob, T. J., 2002, Cell cycle-dependent expression of volume-activated chloride currents in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. 

Liriodenine (l,2-methylenedioxy-7-oxodibenzoquinoline) was found to act in vitro upon cells of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (436, 437). 

Figure 7.11 Examples of topoisomerase inhibitors. Ellipticene acts by both intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerase II enzymes. It is active against nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Amsacrine is used to treat ovarian carcinomas, lymphomas and myelogenous leukaemias. Camptothecin is an antitumour agent...

Ansamycin antibiotics are probably the most complex organic compounds produced by the genus Streptomyces. In addition to the antibacterial, they also exhibit antiviral effects. Ansamitocin P-3 shows a potent cytotoxicity against the human solid tumor cell lines A-549 and HT-29. The compound exhibits a significant activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice and both 9PS (murine lymphocytic leukemia) and 9KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) in cell culture systems. [38]. 

Selected experimental agents were evaluated for cytotoxicity against KB cells using nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and tested for stimulation of cellular protein-linked DNA breaks using etoposide as a positive control. Testing results are provided in Table 2. 

There is a potentially dangerous interaction with cancer treatment in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine, because of the unpredictable risk of myelotoxicity. However, a 37-year-old patient taking clozapine for schizophrenia was given full-dose cisplatin and concomitant radiotherapy for an undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, without significant neutropenia (250). 

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