Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 HIV

Partaledis JA, Yamaguchi K, Tisdale M, Blair EE, Falcione C, Maschera B, Myers RE, Pazhanisamy S, Futer O, CuHinan AB et al (1995) In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydrox-yethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease. J Virol 69 5228-5235 Patick AK (2006) Rhinovirus chemotherapy. Antiviral Res 71 391-396... 

Kleim JP, ROsner M, Winkler I, Paessens A, Kirsch R, Hsiou Y, Arnolds E, Riess G (1996) Selective pressure of a quinoxaline nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) on HIV-1 replication results in the emergence of nucleoside RT-inhibitor-specific (RT Leu-74 -> Val or He and Val-75 - > Leu or He) HIV-1 mutants, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 34-38... 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, and described in a cohort of young homosexual men with significant immune deficiency. Since then, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been clearly identified as the major cause of AIDS.1 HIV-2 is much less prevalent than HIV-1, but also causes AIDS. HIV primarily targets CD4+ lymphocytes, which are critical to proper immune system function. If left untreated, patients experience a prolonged asymptomatic period followed by rapid, progressive immunodeficiency. Therefore, most complications experienced by patients with AIDS involve opportunistic infections and cancers. 

Bukrinskaya A, Brichacek B, Mann A, Stevenson M. Establishment of a functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription complex involves the cytoskeleton. J Exp Med 1998 188(11) 2113—2125. 

I, Umezu K, Walker RT, Mori S, Ito M, Shigeta S, Miyasaka T. Potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by 5-ethyl-6-phenylthiouracil derivatives through their interaction with the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991 88 2356-2360. 

Balzarini J, Karlsson A, Vandamme A-M, Perez-Perez M-J, Zhang H, Vrang L, Oberg B, Backbro K, Unge T, San-Felix A, Velazquez S, Camarasa M-J, De Clercq E. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains selected for resistance against the HIV-l-specific [2, 5 -bis-0-(rert-butyldi-methylsilyl)-3 -spiro-5"-(4"-amino-1", 2"-oxathiole-2", 2"-dioxide)]-fi-D-pen-tofuranosyl (TSAO) nucleoside analogues retain sensitivity to HIV-l-specific nonnucleoside inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 6952-6956. 

Assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells can be performed by PCR followed by detection of PCR products by electrochemiluminescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe [Tris-bipyridine ruthenium (II) complex]. Since one of the PCR primers is biotin-labeled at the 5 end, facile capture of the PCR product-probe complex can be accomplished on streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles, prior to analysis in an electrochemiluminescence analyzer (S3). 

Dideoxyuridine (ddU) is an antiviral agent that proved ineffective at controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in human T-cells. This ineffectiveness was ascribed to a lack of substrate affinity of ddU for cellular nucleoside kinases, which prevent it from being metabolized to the active 5 -triphosphate. To overcome this problem, bis[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] 2, 3 -dideoxyuridine 5 -monophosphate (9.41) was prepared and shown to be a membrane-permeable prodrug of 2, 3 -di-deoxyuridine 5 -monophosphate (ddUMP, 9.42) [93]. Indeed, human T-cell lines exposed to 9.41 rapidly formed the mono-, di-, and triphosphate of ddU, and antiviral activity was observed. This example again documents... 

Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can now be treated effectively... 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

Low-energy ultrasound was employed to increase by up to 70% the production of shikonin (Fig. 4) in cell cultures of the medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Shikonin exhibits a variety of effects, which includes anti-inflammatory, antigonadotropic and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression activities. 

The rapid spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has prompted numerous efforts to develop therapeutic agents against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [2351. Efforts have focused on inhibition of the virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, which is responsible for the conversion of retroviral RNA to proviral DNA. The nucleoside RT inhibitors 3 -azidothymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddl) have proven to be clinically useful anti HIV-1 agents [236], but due to their lack of selectivity versus other DNA polymerases, these compounds are flawed by their inherent toxi-... 

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HiV-1) infection In combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. 

The viral protease enzyme, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is a causative agent of AIDS. HIV-1 mediates the processing of the viral precursor polyproteins. This process is essential for the production and maturation of infectious viruses [1,2]. CR1XIVAN is a specific and potent inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease, and is used in the treatment of AIDS. 

Pyrrolopyridines substituted at the 2-position of dipyridodiazepinones have been prepared for study as nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase <1997JME2430>. Compound 141, synthesized from pyrrolo[2,3-, ]pyridine as a starting material, has emerged as a novel inhibitor of HIV-1. Compound 141 acts by interfering with the initial viral entry process <2003JME4236>. 

The Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of o-vinylaryl bromides using Mo(CO)6 as CO source with microwave irradiation gave indanone 338 and 3-acylaminoindanone 340, which are key intermediates for the synthesis of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and Plasmepsin I and II (Scheme 46). These polycyclic compounds were obtained in less than 30 min in high yields. The results clearly indicate the power and advantage of this protocol, especially for the combinatorial parallel synthesis of a library of compounds. 

Like all other retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains the multifunctional enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT). Retroviral RTs have a DNA polymerase activity that can use either an RNA or a DNA template and an RNase H activity. HIV-1 RT is essential for the conversion of single-stranded viral RNA into a linear double-stranded DNA that is subsequently integrated into the host cell chromosomes [1-4]. In this conversion process HIV-1 RT catalyzes the incorporation of approximately... 

Lamellarin T-V and Y sulfates (67-70) were isolated from an unidentified ascidian from the Arabian Sea coast of India [97]. Four additional lamellarin sulfates, the 20-sulfates of lamellarins B, C and L and lamellarin G 8-sulfate (71-74) were isolated from Didemnum chartaceum from the Great Barrier Reef [98]. Unusually long relaxation times were observed for certain signals in the H NMR spectra of these compounds. Lamellarin a 20-sulfate (75) was isolated from an unidentified ascidian from India and was an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase [99]. 

The antitumor activities of JV-substituted 11 -oxo-11 //-pyrido[2,l -b]-quinazoline-6-carboxamides were studied (88JMC707 92MI3 95JMC2418). Using an automated pharmacophore identification procedure, 11-oxo-11//-pyrido[2,l-h]quinazoline-6-carboxamide (407) was predicted to be an active inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (97JMC920). 

Kaplan SS, Hicks CB. 2005. Safety and antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 56 273-276. 

Bagetta, G., Corasaniti, M. T., Berliocchi, L., Nistico, R., Giammarioli, A. M., Malorni, W., Aloe, L., and Finazzi-Agro, A. (1999). Involvement of interleukin-1 beta in the mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinant protein gpl20-induced apoptosis in the neocortex of rat. Neuroscience 89, 1051—1066. 

---