Energy, sources

Energy sources in organisms are many, but most of them may be grouped under such familiar proces.ses as respiration, fermentation, oxidation-reduction equilibria, hydrolysis, catalysis, and autocatalysis. These are all familiar reactions but the more we learn about certmn of them the less clearly defined do they become, which is often tme when a complete readjustment of basic concepts is in order. 

The s mthesis of proteins probably occurs through a coupled reaction. One member of such a couple cannot occur alone but may take place in the presence of another reaction which liberates the necessary energy the two reactions occur simultaneously. Coupled reactions also control carbohydrate metabolism. 

The energy-liberating reaction is not always known. One likely secondary reaction necessary for protein Ef mtbesis is the hydrolysis of other proteins, for synthesis and hydrolysis are constantly going on i ultane-ously in organisms. Northrop (63) states that the energy liberated by the hydrolysis of peptides in digestion could be returned to the protein peptide system and so accomplish the synthesis of proteins. 

Respiration is generally regarded as the source of energy necessary to support life. That this is true does not need verification in an advanced treatise, but one specific case may be cited. Borsook and Dubnoff (14) have found that the synthesis of hippuric acid from glycine and benzoic acid can occur only in the presence of intact liver cells. Extracts and minced tissues do not suffice, which leaves but the one conclusion, that the respiration of living tissue is the source of the energy. 

It has of late been shown that protoplasm may be frozen and yet remain alive. Heretofore this was not thought possible, but it seems that although slow freezing results in death, rapid freezing by plunging into 

The nuclear sources of energy can be divided into prjmnr and secondary sources. The primary sources are those directly associated with the fissioning event and these are listed in Table 9.1.1 (From Reference 3f ). data refer to U 35. 

Fission Fragments Prompt Neutrons Prompt Gamma Rays Delayed Neutrons Isomeric Gamma Rays Fission Product Qeunmas Fission Product Betas Fission Product Anti-Neutrinos 

The isomeric gamma rays occur 5 x 10 to 10 seconds after fission. All but the anti-neutrinos provide sensible heat. The total energy emission per fission Is seen to be 204.3 + 2.5 Mev vlth 194.O Mev of it appearing as sensible beat in the reactor. The se condary lanergy sources m the reactor are those associated vlth various neutron interactions. These energy sources are given in Table 9.1.2. specific energies depend on the reactor. 

The totals primary plus secondary sensible lieat generated per fission is detailed in Tables 9 1 3 and 9 1 21.6 Ib/ft tube-ln-tnbe 

---

The relationship between the voltage of an X-ray tube (or other energy source), in volts, and the wavelength is given by the Duane-Hunt equation. ... 

Auto ionization. Occurs when an internally supraexcited atom or molecular moiety loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. (The state of the atom or molecular moiety is known as a pre-ionization state.)... 

Offsetting exhaust hood requirements Energy sources... 

Potassium Chloride. The principal ore encountered in the U.S. and Canadian mines is sylvinite [12174-64-0] a mechanical mixture of KCl and NaCl. Three beneficiation methods used for producing fertilizer grades of KCl ate thermal dissolution, heavy media separation, and flotation (qv). The choice of method depends on factors such as grade and type of ore, local energy sources, amount of clay present, and local fuel and water availabiUty and costs. 

Table 4. Coal is overwhelmingly the most significant energy source used to generate electricity. ...

Energy source Estimated recoverable Theoretical maximum... 

Chemical Composition. Chemical compositional data iaclude proximate and ultimate analyses, measures of aromaticity and reactivity, elemental composition of ash, and trace metal compositions of fuel and ash. All of these characteristics impact the combustion processes associated with wastes as fuels. Table 4 presents an analysis of a variety of wood-waste fuels these energy sources have modest energy contents. 

---