Energy source proposal

Ammonia is the precursor for many other chemicals such as nitric acid, hydrazine, acrylonitrile, and hexamethylenediamine. Ammonia, having three hydrogen atoms per molecule, may be viewed as an energy source. It has been proposed that anhydrous liquid ammonia may be used as a clean fuel for the automotive industry. Compared with hydrogen, anhydrous ammonia is more manageable. It is stored in iron or steel containers and could be transported commercially via pipeline, railroad tanker cars, and highway tanker trucks. The oxidation reaction could be represented as ... 

Note that a five-layer solar-cell is proposed. However, cost-considerations may make this type of solar cell impractical since the cost of electricity will be too much. A three-layer type of solar-cell has been built which had an efficiency of about 39% (consisting of Si, GaAS and GaN). But until the price of other energy sources mount, or until the cost of gallium-based materials drops, a layered solar-ceU will not be economically feasible. 

Strains of some facultatively heterotrophic and methylotrophic bacteria can use CS2 as sole energy source, and under aerobic conditions also COS, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and thioacetate (Jordan et al. 1995). It was proposed that the strains belonged to the genus Thiobacillus, though they are clearly distinct from previously described species, and they have now been assigned to Paracoccus denitrificans (Jordan et al. 1997). 

Chemical energy conversion has potential to realize efficient energy usage. It is important to find appropriate reversible chemical reaction for the temperature range of subjected energy source. Every reaction would have possibility to develop every original energy conversion process. Not only to find new reaction system, but also to improve proposed reaction is key point for the... 

NFPA 70 National Fire Protection Association 70 is also known as the National Electric Code (NEC). Revisions and addendum s to the code are currently being developed that specifically address fuel cells. Article 690 - Solar Photovoltaic Systems has been targeted for revision to include fuel cells and alternate energy sources systems. This proposal is not expected to be approved since the technological and operational differences between fuel cells and photovoltaic systems is considerable. A new article, currently identified and Article 691, has been proposed and applies to fuel cells for buildings or residential dwellings. This standard addresses the electrical interface between the fuel cell system and a building s electrical distribution panel. 

The carbonic anhydrase (Cam) in M. thermophila cells is elevated several fold when the energy source is shifted to acetate, suggesting a role for this enzyme in the acetate-fermentation pathway. It is proposed that Cam functions outside the cell membrane to convert CO2 to a charged species (reaction A4) thereby facilitating removal of product from the cytoplasm. Cam is the prototype of a new class (y) of carbonic anhydrases, independently evolved from the other two classes (a and P). The crystal structure of Cam reveals a novel left-handed parallel P-helix fold (Kisker et al. 1996). Apart from the histidines ligating zinc, the activesite residues of Cam have no recognizable analogs in the active sites of the a- and P-classes. Kinetic analyses establish that the enzyme has a zinc-hydroxide mechanism similar to that of Cab (Alber et al. 1999). 

What no one seemed to realize until later was that we had been here before. In the 1920s two German scientists, Fritz Pareth and Kurt Peters, proposed that hydrogen might be converted into helium inside palladium metal. Their aim was not to create an energy source it was the helium they were after. Since the demise of the hydrogen-filled Hindenburg, helium was in big demand as the buoyant gas for airships. 

Propylene glycol is metabolized by several aerobic bacteria to acetoacetate, which can be catabolized as an energy source (see references 509a and 509b). The first step is conversion to an epoxide which reacts further in coenzyme M-dependent and C02-dependent reactions to form acetoacetate. Can you propose chemical mechanisms ... 

The superficial two to three cell layers of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium are the main barrier for the permeation of topically applied compounds. In this rate-limiting cell layer, the transcellular permeation is dictated by the lipophilicity of the cell membrane whereas the paracellular permeation is limited by the paracellular pore size and density. Vesicular penetration (e.g., receptor- or endocytosis-mediated) of macromolecules across surface epithelium is possible [33], However, the proposed mechanism is energy consuming (e.g., incorporation into pinocytotic vesicles and phagosomes) and thus more feasible in cell lines with abundant intracellular energy sources like corneal endothelium and RPE [34-37]. 

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