Of primary plus secondary

Tertiary amines determination of primary plus secondary amines... 

Primary plus secondary stresses are allowed to be higher and so on. Before considering the combination of stresses (categories), we must first define the various types and classes of stress. 

Plastic instability—Incremental collapse incremental collapse is cyclic strain accumulation or cumulative cyclic deformation. Cumulative damage leads to instability of vessel by plastic deformation. The primary plus secondary limits are intended to preclude any ratcheting and validate the use of elastic analysis. 

About 60 ml of 20-mesh passed MI 2NS sand was packed into a cylindrical column that was mounted on a Buckner funnel. A coarse filter paper was used to hold the sandpack onto the Buckner funnel. To fill the pores with water, the vacuum was turned on and 48-ml water was placed on the top of the sandpack. Just before all the water level drops down to the top surface of the sandpack, 48 ml of Fuel Oil 2 was poured slowly on the water. The filtrate flow rate of about one drop per second was maintained by controlling the power from the vacuum. When the oil level dropped down to the top of the sandpack, the 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask was replaced by an empty one and 48 ml of secondary recovery water was slowly poured onto the sandpack. After this primary plus secondary recovery water level dropped down to the top of the sandpack, the oil recovered inside the Erlenmeyer flask was measured. 

These limits are sometimes higher than the actual operating conditions. It is the intent of the design code that the limit on primary plus secondary stresses be applied to the actual operating conditions. For normal and upset conditions (sometimes indicated as levels A and B), the range of primary and secondary stresses, Pl + Pb + Q is not allowed to exceed 3S ... 

Guideline 4 establishes the global locations for assessment of stresses, and states that the general primary membrane stress intensity, should be evaluated remote from a discontinuity whereas the primary membrane plus bending stress intensity, Pl + Pb, and primary plus secondary stress intensity, P + Q, should be evaluated at a discontinuity. 

The MlTl Code apparently recognizes this feature and provides a strain enhancement factor for stress ranges, S in the neighborhood of 3Sm, where values of exceed unity and progressively increase with increasing ratios of Sp/Sn, where Sp is the peak. Equation (11.3b), valid for primary-plus-secondary stress intensity ranges between 35 and 3mSm, is modified in the MITI Code as... 

Fig. 36 (Harden and Young)—Production of COt widi time in yeast juice to which has been added a. glucose b. the same mixture (25 ml of yeast juice + 25mlofwaterinwhich 5g of glucose is dissolv ) plus 5 ml of a 0 3M mixture of primary and secondary phosphates c. a further addition of the same quantity of phosphates after 70 min.

A number of sensitivity studies have been performed which investigate the effects of changing piping wall thickness, secondary support stiffness, and structure material and temperature on the ASME primary and primary plus secondary stress limits discussed above. A summary of the cases run is listed In Table 9-32. The primary stresses are only evaluated for the wall thickness study, because the primary stresses are not dependent on the other parameters studied. For all of the results tables, the minimum, average, and maximum stress values refer to the minimum, average, and maximum stress Intensity values at all of the element nodes evaluated in the model. It is presented in this form to better comprehend the distribution of stress values. 

Table 9-29, Figure 9-62, and Figure 9-63 also include the results for the piping wall thickness study. The primary and primary plus secondary stresses decrease with increasing wall thickness. For this study the wall thickness is decreased from 8 cm to 3 cm. The primary stress limit is exceeded for the 3 mm case. The primary plus secondary stress limit is exceeded for all cases. Thinner walls were evaluated in this study because of mass concerns with the piping.

Table 9-30, Figure 9-64, and Figure 9-65 show the results from the primary structure temperature and material study. The base case structure temperature is increased from 400 K to 600 K. The primary plus secondary stresses were reduced to approximately six times the limit. This study was repeated to determine if designing the primary structure with a higher CTE material, Aluminum, improved stresses. Stresses are reduced to approximately three times the limit at a structure temperature of 600 K. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the piping stresses can t be sufficiently reduced...

The stress state used for the evaluation of the primary plus secondary stress intensity range limit is Stress State at steady state normal operation) - Stress State at ambient /emperafure (293 K) and zero gage pressure)... 

An ABAQUS/Standard job has been run for each analysis case in Table 9-32. For each of these cases a pressure only steady state step and a case at operating temperature and pressure. These two steps correspond to the primary and the primary plus secondary stress cases respectively. 

The SMI, SM2, and SMS output parameters are section bending moments in the piping about the. three local element axes (x, y, z). These three output parameters are taken from the ABACUS output and used in ASME B PV Code Section III Div I - NB piping limit equations. The primary and the primary plus secondary stress range limits are evaluated for this anaiysis. The primary stress limit is evaluated for the pressure only load case for the cases listed in Table 9-32. The primary plus secondary stress limit is a limit on the stress intensity range. This requires a stress state at each end of the range. The range used to evaluate the limit is ... 

In their study Roeda and Crouzel shower that the LAH reduction of nC02 produced 34% H11CHO plus 59% H11COOH. Our experience in using a mixture of DCHO and DCOOH for the N-methylation of both primary and secondary amines suggests that the corresponding [11C]-mixture would be ideal for the 11C-labeling of amines under microwave-enhanced conditions. 

Silver(I)-ion- assisted Me2SO oxidations of organic halides have been observed for primary and secondary bromides and iodides (174). The reactions occur under ambient conditions yielding the corresponding carbonyl, plus traces of alcohol. The fate of the silver ion is unreported. 

The electrocatalytic oxidation of several secondary and primary alcohols has been also described, in keeping with the original work by Masui and coworkers it resorts to HPI or to X-substituted HPIs as electron carriers . The tetrafluoroaryl-substituted HPI was the most efficient among these catalysts. Secondary alcohols gave carbonyl compounds primary alcohols gave the corresponding aldehyde exclusively under anaerobic conditions, whereas a mixture of aldehyde plus carboxylic acid was formed in the presence of 2 . 

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