Beneficiation methods

Potassium Chloride. The principal ore encountered in the U.S. and Canadian mines is sylvinite [12174-64-0] a mechanical mixture of KCl and NaCl. Three beneficiation methods used for producing fertilizer grades of KCl ate thermal dissolution, heavy media separation, and flotation (qv). The choice of method depends on factors such as grade and type of ore, local energy sources, amount of clay present, and local fuel and water availabiUty and costs. 

The thermal method is based on the much higher solubiUty of KCl in hot water as compared to the solubiUty of NaCl. The KCl is recovered in vacuum crystallizers, filtered or centrifuged, dried, and sometimes granulated by compaction. Product from the thermal beneficiation method usually is of relatively high purity and is particularly suitable for use in formulating solution-type fertilizers. Guaranteed K2O content of this product is usually 62%... 

Combination of gravity-flotation tin beneficiation method (lodge deposits)... 

There is very little information or literature on flotation properties of tantalum and columbium minerals. Also, there are only a few operating plants that treat tantalum-columbium ore by flotation. Most of the commercial plants use a gravity beneficiation method. 

This chapter discusses flotation properties of major titanium minerals and beneficiation methods used in some operating plants. In recent years, a new technology has been developed for beneficiation of hard rock titanium minerals. This is also discussed in this chapter. 

From a beneficiation point of view, formation of hard rock and sand deposits, and their mineral composition, determines the beneficiation method. 

Considering these points, the most beneficial method for decontamination seems to be one of the fatty acids released during the ATD process, after examination with and without organic material and in mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures, formic acid was found most effective even in concentration of less than 0.5%. 

Ash from pulverized coal combustion is a strategic material that has many critical applications from a source of aggregate to the most important source of pozzolan for addition to Portland cement concrete. Environmental control measures on the emissions of coal combustion have resulted in a loss of quality for these materials. In response we have seen the advent of beneficiation processes applying both proven and new technologies to produce high-quality consistent products from these materials. Currently we estimate that about one-fifth of all ash products marketed are processed through some form of beneficiation method. We expect that the demand for quality and consistency will continue and the relative amount of process ash products will increase in the future. 

A hazard is anything that will produce an adverse effect on human health and the environment. In environmental risk assessment, the hazard component generally refers to toxicity. Exposure is the quantitative or qualitative assessment of contact to the skin or orifices of the body by a chemical. Traditional pollution prevention techniques focus on reducing waste as much as possible however, risk assessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of environmental impact for individual chemicals. This approach provides a powerful tool that enables engineers to better design processes and products by focusing on the most beneficial methods to minimize all aspects of risk. 

Alkali feldspars do not occur in pure form in nature. The deposits are permeated by accessory minerals. Modern beneficiation methods (flotation, magnetic separation),... 

It is this variability in minerals content which reduces the effectiveness of common beneficiation methods. 

The impurities in magnesite mineral are quartz, talc, mica, and magnetite. Since there are many impurities present, a number of beneficiation methods are used. They include crushing, screening, washing, magnetic separation, and froth flotation. 

Monazite sand occurs extensively in alluvial deposits, from which it is mined (along with other dense minerals) by placer techniques. It is separated from gangue and associated minerals, such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon, garnet and xenotime, by ore beneficiation methods, including electrostatic and electromagnetic separations, prior to chemical processing. 

The utilization of external fields has recently emerged as a beneficial method to direct the assembly of NPs in polymer-like nanostructures. Electric, magnetic, and shear fields have been used to induce highly anisotropic interactions between NPs. The advantage of field-induced assembly is the reversibility of interpartide interactions, which enables rapid assembly-disassembly transitions when the field is turned on... 

The structure of the other polymorph of X-ap was not determined by XRD, but and solid-state NMR data indicated that the same tautomeric forms were present in both polymorphs. The pure Schiff bases were synthesized from solution due to the sensitivity of imino bond to the water that is released during the aldehyde-amine condensation. Milling proved as a beneficial method for synthesis of multicomponent X-ap polymorphs, with much better yield and selectivity compared to solvosynthetic approaches. 

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