Energy sources Fuels

Lee, S.-Y, Holder, G.D. 2001. Methane hydrates potential as a future energy source. Fuel Proc Technol 71 181-186. 

Hall DO (1978) Solar energy conversion through biology-could it be practical energy source Fuel 57 322-333... 

Energy sources Fuels (liquid, gaseous) Fuels (liquid, gaseous) Fuels (liquid, gaseous) Fuels (liquid, gaseous) Electricity Electricity... 

Hazardous components (e.g., energy sources, fuels, propellants, explosives, and pressure systems). 

Currently, the higher cost for this energy system (as compared to conventional energy systems) is primarily due to the energy source (fuel cell) and the power system. Recent U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) studies have predicted that for fuel-cell energy systems to be economically viable, the cost of the power systems have to be < 400/kW while the cost of the power electronics needs to be < 40/kW. The issues of durability and life of the fuel cells are of key importance. 

Potassium Chloride. The principal ore encountered in the U.S. and Canadian mines is sylvinite [12174-64-0] a mechanical mixture of KCl and NaCl. Three beneficiation methods used for producing fertilizer grades of KCl ate thermal dissolution, heavy media separation, and flotation (qv). The choice of method depends on factors such as grade and type of ore, local energy sources, amount of clay present, and local fuel and water availabiUty and costs. 

Natural gas is by far the preferred source of hydrogen. It has been cheap, and its use is more energy efficient than that of other hydrocarbons. The reforming process that is used to produce hydrogen from natural gas is highly developed, environmental controls are simple, and the capital investment is lower than that for any other method. Comparisons of the total energy consumption (fuel and synthesis gas), based on advanced technologies, have been discussed elsewhere (102). 

Chemical Composition. Chemical compositional data iaclude proximate and ultimate analyses, measures of aromaticity and reactivity, elemental composition of ash, and trace metal compositions of fuel and ash. All of these characteristics impact the combustion processes associated with wastes as fuels. Table 4 presents an analysis of a variety of wood-waste fuels these energy sources have modest energy contents. 

The recycle weapons fuel cycle rehes on the reservoir of SWUs and yellow cake equivalents represented by the fissile materials in decommissioned nuclear weapons. This variation impacts the prereactor portion of the fuel cycle. The post-reactor portion can be either classical or throwaway. Because the avadabihty of weapons-grade fissile material for use as an energy source is a relatively recent phenomenon, it has not been fully implemented. As of early 1995 the United States had purchased highly enriched uranium from Russia, and France had initiated a modification and expansion of the breeder program to use plutonium as the primary fuel (3). AH U.S. reactor manufacturers were working on designs to use weapons-grade plutonium as fuel. 

The gas turbine power plant which has revolutioni2ed aviation derives basically from the steam turbine adapted to a different working fluid. The difference is cmcial with respect to fuel because steam can be generated by any heat source, whereas the gas turbine requires a fuel that efficiently produces a very hot gas stream and is also compatible with the turbine itself. The hot gas stream results from converting chemical energy in fuel directly and continuously by combustion in compressed air. It is expanded in a turbine to produce useful work in the form of jet thmst or shaft power. 

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