Liver cells of the

Fischer, P.W.F. Goodridge, A.G. (1978). Coordinate regulation of acetylCoA carboxylase and fatty add synthase in liver cells of the developing chick in vivo and in culture. Arch. Biophys. Biochem., 190, 332—44. 

It has been further shown that a majority (approximately 60jt) of the extractable Qa (about 70 of the cellular gallium) from tumor and liver cells of the rat is associated with two macromolecular fractions of molar weight 1-1.2 x 105 Daltons and 4-5 X 10 Daltons (64) The 1-1.2 x 1o5 D band is found in both liver and tumor cells, whereas the 4-5 x 10 D band is found... 

Some coumarin derivatives elicited no effect on the activity of the microsomal phosphatases but induced the de novo synthesis of the drug metabolising enzymes. Among the various coumarins tested, 4-methylcoumarin was the most potent inducer of these microsomal enzymes and stimulated to the greatest extent the synthesis of coumarin 3-hydroxylase [95, 221]. These compounds exerted no pathological damage in the liver cell of the rat, even doses of 150— 200 mg/kg. 

The activation of vitellogenin synthesis in liver cells of the rooster after injection of 17jS-estradiol is a consequence of the induction of mRNA synthesis. The amount of mRNA increases, in this case, from 0-5 molecules to 5000 molecules per cell. Therefore, in this case, vitellogenin synthesis included the activation of a dormant gene in a totally differentiated and metabolically active cell (Deeley et al., 1977). 

Insulin is a hormone manufactured by the beta cells of the pancreas. It is the principal hormone required for the proper use of glucose (carbohydrate) by the body. Insulin also controls the storage and utilization of amino acids and fatty acids. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting glucose production by the liver. 

Roerdink, F., Dijkstra, J., Hartman, G., Bolscher, B., and Scher-phof, G. L. (1981). The involvement of parenchymal, Kupffer and endothelial liver cells in the hepatic uptake of intravenously injected liposomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 677, 79-89. 

In addition to the direct effects of hyperglycemia in enhancing the uptake of glucose into the liver, the hormone insulin plays a central role in regulating blood glucose. It is produced by the B cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to hyperglycemia. The B islet cells are freely permeable to glu-... 

Under physiologic conditions in the human adult, 1—2 X 10 erythrocytes are destroyed per hour. Thus, in 1 day, a 70-kg human turns over approximately 6 g of hemoglobin. When hemoglobin is destroyed in the body, globin is degraded to its constiment amino acids, which are reused, and the iron of heme enters the iron pool, also for reuse. The iron-free porphyrin portion of heme is also degraded, mainly in the reticuloendothehal cells of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 

Cirrhosis is the progressive replacement of normal hepatic cells by fibrous scar tissue. This scarring is accompanied by the loss of viable hepatocytes, which are the functional cells of the liver. Progressive cirrhosis is irreversible and leads to portal hypertension that is in turn responsible for many of the complications of advanced liver disease. These consequences include (but are not limited to) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), hepatic encephalopathy, and variceal bleeding.1... 

Sinusoidal damage from cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension. The sinusoids are porous vessels within the liver that surround radiating rows of hepatocytes, the basic functional cells of the liver (Fig. 19-2). Progressive destruction of hepatocytes and an increase in fibroblasts and connective tissue surrounding the hepatocytes culminate in cirrhosis. Fibrosis and regenerative nodules of scar tissue... 

Bile is produced continuously by the liver bile salts are secreted by the hepatocytes and the water, sodium bicarbonate, and other inorganic salts are added by the cells of the bile ducts within the liver. The bile is then transported by way of the common bile duct to the duodenum. Bile facilitates fat digestion and absorption throughout the length of the small intestine. In the terminal region of the ileum, the final segment of the small intestine, the bile salts are actively reabsorbed into the blood, returned to the liver by way of the hepatic portal system, and resecreted into the bile. This recycling of the bile salts from the small intestine back to the liver is referred to as enterohepatic circulation. 

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