Solar energy sources

Renewable energy sources solar, wind, and other nonfossil fuel energy sources. 

One major problem with the global electricity system is the lack of continentwide electric grids that could serve to both distribute and store electricity. This "net metering" capability (Section 1.4.3.1) is essential to make the energy of intermittent energy sources (solar, wind, tide, etc.) continuously available. 

In order to avoid a social shock when the global energy system should transfer from fossil system to the CO2 recycling system using renewable energy, a hybridization between fossil and solar energy should be also discussed. That is, there are various kind of energy sources (solar, fossil fuels and their complex sources), and of carbon sources (CO2 from flue gas of combustion, CO2 from exhaust gas of fossil fuel chemical conversion, and carbon of fossil fuel itself). 

Renewable energy sources, (solar, wind etc.) must be harvested but these sources are neither large enough nor reliable enough to serve as base load source. Fission power is too dangerous. Of the current known energy sources, only fusion can supply safe energy for... 

Energy source Solar only Solar preheat Solar + auxiliary... 

Chapter 10 describes how process intensification can be applied to efficiently make use of the most abundant energy source solar energy. The question is addressed whether an intensified process layout can increase the potential of solar process heat and its efficiency. The chapter describes how to make efficient use of solar heat by designing the heat profile in a certain process, where the importance of process modeling in this respect is stressed. 

Barbir, F. (2005) PEM electrolysis for production of hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Solar Energy, 78, 661-669. 

New energy sources solar energy, fuel cells, high energy and power density batteries. 

Figure 5.1.10 shows strategies and expenses (costs, efforts for research and development, and political efforts) involved in reducing CO2 emissions. Without any structural change, the CO2 emissions will rise by a factor of about two ( business as usual ). According to Matthes (2007, personal communication) from the Institute for Applied Ecology in Berlin, in the first place an increase in efficiency could decrease CO2 emissions by 40%. Second, alternative energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) could be a further help, followed by nuclear power and CO2 sequestration. 

Projects for developing renewable energy sources (solar, etc.) have often been based on the use of aluminium heat exchangers, for several reasons a much lower cost than titanium, good thermal conductivity, and excellent corrosion resistance. 

Of the truly sustainable energy sources—solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and tidal—solar energy produced directly from sunlight... 

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