Glucose as energy source

Let s get back to glucose as energy source and consider a far more complex example of metabolic control. As noted above, glucose can be oxidized with the release of energy when it is required or stored as glycogen in liver or muscle when it is not. So what determines what happens ... 

Provides alternative to glucose as energy source for brain... 

E. histolytica, where it plays an important role in the organisms utilization of glucose as energy source through fermentative pathways, as mentioned in the previous section. ... 

The energy yield during aerobic respiration using glucose as energy source is shown in the following example ... 

The significance of pH is particularly interesting since pH may either augment or diminish NH3 production. The possible mechanisms by which pH affects NH3 production are (a) inhibition of bacterial metabolism, (b) pH-dependent changes in urea metabolic pathways, (c) pH-dependent bacterial utilization of glucose and urea as energy sources, and (d) increased bacterial uti-... 

Wood chips can also be utilized as such to produce bioethanol. The cellulose and hemicellulose material is hydrolyzed in the presence of acids (H2SO4, HCl, or HCOOH) or enzymes to yield glucose and other monosaccharides [16]. Lignin is separated by filtration as a solid residue and the monosaccharides are fermented to ethanol, which, in turn, is separated from water and catalyst by distillation. Ethanol can be used not only as energy source but also as a platform component to make various chemicals, such as ethene and polyethene. Today green acetaldehyde and acetic acid from wood-derived bioethanol is manufactured by SEKAB Ab, at the Ornskoldsvik Biorefinery of the Future industrial park. 

During aerobic exercise when the primary muscle fibres being utilized are Type I, FFA are used even in the presence of adequate glucose. Generally during activities of intensity between 60 and 75% max heart rate the primary muscles used are Type I. As intensity increases (to 75-85%), Type Ila come into play more and more and they utilize glucose as their source of energy these... 

Bacteria such as E. coli usually rely on glucose as their source of carbon and energy. However, when glucose is scarce, E. coli can use lactose as their carbon source even though this disaccharide does not lie on any major metabolic pathways. An essential enzyme in the metabolism of lactose is -galactosidase, which hydrolyzes lactose into galactose and glucose. These products are then metabolized by pathways discussed in Chapter 16. 

Explain the roles of glycogen, glucose, and ATP as energy sources in animals. 

Fatty acids are transported in the blood complexed with albumin, taken up by various tissues, and oxidized for energy. In the liver, fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies, and glycerol is converted to glucose. These fuels serve as energy sources for other tissues. 

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are known for their ability to oxidize different substrates containing ethanol into various types of vinegar (Trcek, 2005). Substrates used as energy sources include glucose, ethanol, lactate, or glycerol. Most of these compounds are not completely oxidized into COz and HzO and many metabolites, such as acetic acid, may be accumulated in the growth medium. AAB are commonly found in nature and acetic... 

Fatty acids released into the blood are taken up and oxidized by most other cells, constituting the major energy source for many tissues, particularly heart muscle. In humans, the oxidation of fats is quantitatively more important than the oxidation of glucose as a source of ATP. The oxidation of... 

Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into adipose cells as well as into muscle cells. Adipocytes oxidize glucose for energy, and they also use glucose as the source of the glycerol moiety of the triacylglycerols they store (see Fig. 2.2, circle 10). 

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