As energy source

The significance of pH is particularly interesting since pH may either augment or diminish NH3 production. The possible mechanisms by which pH affects NH3 production are (a) inhibition of bacterial metabolism, (b) pH-dependent changes in urea metabolic pathways, (c) pH-dependent bacterial utilization of glucose and urea as energy sources, and (d) increased bacterial uti-... 

This subject effects designers since many products have the requirement by regulations or otherwise to use recycled plastics. Different methods are used to recycle materials to provide plastics with a continuing life. Method used is influenced by factors such as costs, quantity involved, weight involved, size and shape, complexity of mixed types of plastics, extended of contamination such as metallic particles, continued availability of material, etc. (Recognize that they can also be used as energy sources through incineration that can be combined with production of electricity and/or hot water for example). 

Wood chips can also be utilized as such to produce bioethanol. The cellulose and hemicellulose material is hydrolyzed in the presence of acids (H2SO4, HCl, or HCOOH) or enzymes to yield glucose and other monosaccharides [16]. Lignin is separated by filtration as a solid residue and the monosaccharides are fermented to ethanol, which, in turn, is separated from water and catalyst by distillation. Ethanol can be used not only as energy source but also as a platform component to make various chemicals, such as ethene and polyethene. Today green acetaldehyde and acetic acid from wood-derived bioethanol is manufactured by SEKAB Ab, at the Ornskoldsvik Biorefinery of the Future industrial park. 

Two major types of muscle fibers are found in humans white (anaerobic) and red (aerobic). The former are particularly used in sprints and the latter in prolonged aerobic exercise. During a sprint, muscle uses creatine phosphate and glycolysis as energy sources in the marathon, oxidation of fatty acids is of major importance during the later phases. Nonmuscle cells perform various types of mechanical work carried out by the structures constituting the cytoskeleton. These strucmres include actin filaments (microfilaments), micrombules (composed primarily of a- mbulin and p-mbulin), and intermediate filaments. The latter include keratins, vimentin-like proteins, neurofilaments, and lamins. 

Facultatively heterotrophic thiobacilli that use a number of organic sulfur compounds as energy source... 

Heat transfer was accomplished by guiding flows through different wafer levels, some acting as energy source, others as heat sink. For cooling, circulating liquids were applied. 

Microbiologically influenced corrosion is defined by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers as any form of corrosion that is influenced by the presence and/or activities of microorganisms. Although MIC appears to many humans to be a new phenomenon, it is not new to the microbes themselves. Microbial transformation of metals in their elemental and various mineral forms has been an essential part of material cycling on earth for billions of years. Some forms of metals such as reduced iron and manganese serve as energy sources for microbes, while oxidized forms of some metals can substitute for... 

BSS with the addition of glutathione (oxidized) and dextrose as energy sources, bicarbonate as a physiological buffer, and a phosphate buffer system to maintain the products storage pH in the physiological range [296,297],... 

These characteristics favor the attachment of bacteria to solid surfaces in the form of biofilm so that nutrients flowing in the groundwater can be used. The presence of low nutrient levels in the groundwater also implies that bacteria must regularly use many different compounds as energy sources and, consequently, may select organic contaminants more readily as nutrients. 

In a recent study, classical heating, microwave radiation and gamma radiation have been compared as energy sources to perform 1,3-dipolar reactions between unsaturated oximes and conventional dipolarophiles. On using gamma radiation the reactions were clean and yields obtained were similar to those for the thermal reactions. However, microwave radiation reactions were extremely clean, occurred more rapidly and gave higher yields [102],... 

T. Gold identifies spin-down of central pulsar as energy source for Crab Nebula. 

Two of the species, Thiobacillus concretivorus and Thiobacillus neapolitanus, are, in addition to sulfide, also able to use thiosulfate and elemental sulfur as energy sources. 

One of the most important environmental criteria for the production of energy crops is the energy yield per hectare. The energy yield is mainly dependent on the biomass yield and on the conversion technology, and hence on the fraction of crop used as energy source (Table 5.11). 

Biological considerations Orally, serves as energy source (and therefore can alter food consumption and/or body weight). Prolonged oral administration has been associated with enhanced carcinogenesis Chemical compatibility/Stability considerations Thickens upon prolonged exposure to air... 

In Europe, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly produced from rapeseed. In the USA, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly derived from soybeans. Another feedstock used in Europe and North America is sunflower seed. Most of the vegetable oil that is used as energy source for the generation of transportation fuel is converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), often called biodiesel . 

Biologically, carbohydrates are most important as energy sources. This is especially true for monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starches. Starches also function as energy storage molecules in plants. Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls. 

It is considered [7,11] that directed transition of protons serves as energy source during phosphorylation. Between the numbers of transported protons and electrons certain stoichiometric relations are revealed. Thus, in the course of electron transfer (along the whole transport system) ATP molecules are formed. 

Demirbas, A. 1999. Evaluation of biomass materials as energy sources upgrading of tea waste by briquetting proeess. Energy Sourees 21 215-220. 

The basic units of carbohydrates are the monosaccharides or simple sugars. These may be assembled into more complex structures such as disaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Carbohydrates serve as energy sources, energy reservoirs, structural components, and for cellular communication. 

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