Energy sources extract order from

Inverse Temperature Transitions Extract Order (Negative Entropy) from Energy Sources ... 

The reason for the disparity in performance of such devices in the two services has been clearly outlined by Hachmuth (HI). Bubble-tray towers for distillation, for example, use as the source of energy for dispersion of the gas and for developing the desirable turbulent flow conditions both the expansion of the vapor as it experiences a pressure drop in flowing through the tray, and the liquid head available between trays. In liquid extraction only the liquid head is available. When it is considered that the difference in densities of the contacted phases in distillation may be of the order of 50 to 60 lb./cu. ft., whereas in extraction it is more likely to be of the order of 5 or less, it is easy to understand that in the latter case there is simply insufficient energy available from this source to provide for adequate dispersion and interphase movement. Interfacial area between phases remains small, turbulences developed are of a low order, and mass transfer rates are disappointingly small. 

For a forced vortex with spiral flow, energy is put into the fluid in the case of a pump and extracted from it in the case of a turbine. In the limiting case of zero flow, when all path lines become concentric circles, energy input from some external source is still necessary for any real fluid in order to maintain the rotation. Thus a forced vortex is characterized by a transfer of mechanical energy from an external source and a consequent variation of H as a function of the radius from the axis of rotation. 

Ion transport from a continuous ion source to the extraction/acceleration region of the TOF-MS presents many of the challenges also associated with other mass spectrometers. Specifically, a means of efficiently focusing incoming ions into a beam of well-defined energy and spatial characteristics is required in order to achieve optimal performance for any mass analyzer. 

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