Certifiable

The INTROS Flaw Detector is certified by the Russian State Standard Service (GOSSTANDART) as well as approved by the Russian State Mining and Technology Safety Inspection (GOSGORTECHNADZOR). It is used to inspect mining hoist and crane ropes. Fig. 5 illustrates the INTROS use at the mining hoist of an Ural ore mine. The previous model of the instrument, MDK-11 was used to inspect ropes of the air rope ways in Caucasus and Kazakhstan in 1996. Fig. 6 shows the INTROS MDK-11 inspection of 45 mm skyline rope in Almaty, Kazakhstan. 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

The system was installed and certified by TUV and the local authorities. Trials conducted on site after installation proved that the system allowed efficient inspection with scan speeds in excess of 100 mm/s, which is faster than initially required. Implementation of the system has resulted in savings enabling pay back of the full system in less than one year. 

In compliance with the requirements stated in the System of accreditation to the practical experience and qualification the technical manager in NDT must have at least level 2 on each of NDT methods used in the laboratory seeking accreditation, where not more than 3 NDT methods are in practice, and level 3 on the basic method used in the laboratory where there are more than 3 methods. Moreover all specialists must be certified in relevant NDT method and industrial sector. 

The National system of accreditation gives much attention to the training and qualification of NDT personnel. Significant subjective component, such as training and qualification of personnel, is present in NDT implementation and assessment of its results, thus all specialists carrying out NDT must be certified in compliance with CTBEH 473. 

The data in Table 4.1 were obtained using a calibrated balance, certified by the manufacturer to have a tolerance of less than 0.002 g. Suppose the Treasury Department reports that the mass of a 1998 U.S. penny is approximately 2.5 g. Since the mass of every penny in Table 4.1 exceeds the reported mass by an amount significantly greater than the balance s tolerance, we can safely conclude that the error in this analysis is not due to equipment error. The actual source of the error is revealed later in this chapter. 

A material available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology certified to contain known concentrations of analytes. 

Values in parentheses are not certified and are given for information only. 

A standard sample provided by an external agency as part of certifying the quality of a laboratory s work. 

Instrumental Analysis. It is difficult to distiaguish between the various acryhcs and modacryhcs. Elemental analysis may be the most effective method of identification. Specific compositional data can be gained by determining the percentages of C, N, O, H, S, Br, Cl, Na, and K. In addition the levels of many comonomers can be estabhshed usiag ir and uv spectroscopy. Also, manufacturers like to be able to identify their own products to certify, for example, that a defective fiber is not a competitor s. To facihtate this some manufacturers iatroduce a trace of an unusual element as a built-ia label. 

There are no estabHshed specifications for the standard reference samples used in general chemical analysis. Many such substances, however, are analyzed and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Specific reference standards are required for many of the analyses included in the USP and NE standards for dmgs. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The NIST is the source of many of the standards used in chemical and physical analyses in the United States and throughout the world. The standards prepared and distributed by the NIST are used to caUbrate measurement systems and to provide a central basis for uniformity and accuracy of measurement. At present, over 1200 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are available and are described by the NIST (15). Included are many steels, nonferrous alloys, high purity metals, primary standards for use in volumetric analysis, microchemical standards, clinical laboratory standards, biological material certified for trace elements, environmental standards, trace element standards, ion-activity standards (for pH and ion-selective electrodes), freezing and melting point standards, colorimetry standards, optical standards, radioactivity standards, particle-size standards, and density standards. Certificates are issued with the standard reference materials showing values for the parameters that have been determined. 

Colorants. According to U.S. regulations, colorants are divided into two classes certified and exempt (see Colorants for foods, drugs, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Batch samples of certified colors must be sent to the FDA for analysis and confirmation that the colorants comply with estabhshed specifications. Color manufacturers pay a small fee for each batch of color that is analy2ed. The number of certified colors available to food technologists has declined. Several of the historical colorants were found to have carcinogenic effects. Table 1 shows the certified colors that are permissible for food use in the United States as of 1993. 

Table 1. Certified Colors Permitted in the United States ...

The FD C certified colors are all water-soluble dyes, but can be transformed into insoluble pigments known as lakes by precipitating the dyes with alurninum, calcium, or magnesium salts on a substrate of aluminum hydroxide. The lakes are useful in appHcations that require color whereas in dry form, such as cake mixes, or where water may be present and bleeding is a problem, such as food packaging. FD C Red Lake No. 3 was deHsted in Febmary... 

The quahty of formamide suppHed by BASE is certified as having a minimum assay of 99.5%. The principal impurities in the material are ammonium formate, methanol, water, and traces of iron. The quaUty of formamide supphed by BASE is certified to meet the specifications given in Table 3. 

These ZEV vehicles are envisioned to be electric battery vehicles (see Batteries, secondary cells-other). The California fleet average standards are to be met by spiling combinations of various classes of vehicles. Manufacturers must certify their new cars in one of the categories shown. The sales weighted average for a given year must then be at or below the standard shown in Table 8. 

Hair Coloring Regulation Issues. In the United States the classification of color additives is complex. Under the Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic Act, all cosmetic colors must be the subject of an approved color additive petition to the Food and Dmg Administration there is an exception for coal-tar colorants used to color hair. Based on the composition of these colorants, FDA can require a certification on each manufactured batch of colorant to assure conformance with the approved specifications. In the early 1990s FDA has required certification only for synthetically derived coal-tar type colors. Many of the approved color additives, both certified and noncertified, are restricted ia their potential use. These restrictions can be found ia the color additive regulations ia the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 73 and 74. 

CPSC Certified Products Directory, Safety Glazing Certification Council, Hialeah, Fla., 1980. 

Experiments and even production operations can be conducted at any frequency providing the radiated and conducted signals meet the apphcable tfi limits for ISM equipment. Tests to certify this stipulation must be carried out before inception of operations. This implies weU-shielded enclosures at high power levels which is expensive but justified in certain apphcations. 

Certified Coatings Products Turco Products Stripping Products, Inc. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Liquid Dosage Forms. Simple aqueous solutions, symps, elixirs, and tinctures are prepared by dissolution of solutes in the appropriate solvent systems. Adjunct formulation ingredients include certified dyes, flavors, sweeteners, and antimicrobial preservatives. These solutions are filtered under pressure, often using selected filtering aid materials. The products are stored in large tanks, ready for filling into containers. QuaUty control analysis is then performed. 

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