Colorants manufacturing

Colorants. According to U.S. regulations, colorants are divided into two classes certified and exempt (see Colorants for foods, drugs, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Batch samples of certified colors must be sent to the FDA for analysis and confirmation that the colorants comply with estabhshed specifications. Color manufacturers pay a small fee for each batch of color that is analy2ed. The number of certified colors available to food technologists has declined. Several of the historical colorants were found to have carcinogenic effects. Table 1 shows the certified colors that are permissible for food use in the United States as of 1993. 

Table 4 shows daylight fluorescent pigments with approximately equivalent colors manufactured by U.S. manufacturers. In addition to the colorants listed, other colors are available such as purples and shades which are stronger and between the shades Hsted. 

Complex Inorganic Color Pigments Committee, Tdry Color Manufacturer s Msociation, 3rd ed., DCMA, Alexandria, Va., 1991. 

Disperse reds are second only to blues as the most important disperse color manufactured. AU. commercial disperse reds are monoazo dyes. In 1988, Disperse Red 73 (98, R = CN) had production of 270 tons valued at nearly 1.6 million. Disperse Violet 24 (99) is produced from diazotized 2-hromo-4,6-dinitroani1ine by coupling with 2-(A/-butyl-y -toluidine)ethanol. 

The disputes that followed these events centered around interpretation of the 1938 act, which states that "The Secretary shall promulgate regulations providing for the listing of coal-tar colors which are harmless and suitable for use in food..." The FDA felt that harmless meant that a colorant must be safe regardless of the amount used, that is, harmless per se and on this basis deHsted the colorants in question. The food-color manufacturers argued that the FDA interpretation of the law was too strict, that a color additive need only be harmless when properly used, and that the FDA should estabHsh safe limits. They also contended that the conditions used for the new animal feeding tests were too severe. 

The limit of 1 ppm mercury placed on colors intended for use in foods was estabUshed by a letter from the Acting Director of the Division of Colors and Cosmetics to the certified color manufacturers in 1970. This action was the first step taken to replace the somewhat nebulous heavy metals specifications previously used with concrete limits for specific metals. 

M. J. Duim, Paint Uamish Prod, 49—51 (Aug. 1973). Toxicity Thorny Problem in Color Manufacturing. A few thoughts on colorant toxicity. 

W. R. Eichenberger, Caramel Colors Manufacture, Properties, and Food Applications, paper presented at the ACS Meeting, Aug. 29, 1972. 

Dry Color Manufacturers Association, now CPMA (Color Pigments Manufacturers Association, USA). 

DCMA. 1989. Comments (May 12) to Edward J Skowrowski, ATSDR, on ATSDR draft toxieologieal profile for 3,3,-dichlorobenzidine. Dry Color Manufacturers Association. Alexandria, Virginia. 

Equitable Environmental Health, Inc An Epidemiologic Study of Workers in Lead Chromate Plants. Final report submitted to Dry Color Manufacturers Assoc, June 25, 1976... 

The term mixed metal oxide pigment denotes a pigment that crystallizes in a stable oxide lattice, and in which the color is due to the incorporation of colored cations in this lattice. Such compounds are regarded as solid solutions. The American Dry Color Manufacturers Association has abandoned the term mixed metal oxide inorganic colored pigments , it denotes these colorants as complex inorganic color pigments [3.73],... 

Bamfield, P., The Restructuring of the Colorant Manufacturing Industry. Review of Progress in Coloration, 2001,1-14 [1-2] Data taken from a presentation by Alan Smith, AZ-Tech [1-3] Brophy, J., Chemistry in Britain,... 

When I started in a Color Quality Laboratory, I trained under a 40-year veteran to color manufacturing and control. Most of the instruction I received in my apprentice position was similar in nature to that earlier cerium-in-steel situation. More often than not, conventional wisdom and experience were right however, once in a while they were wrong. To the scientist, that is exactly when the fun begins If your... 

Other copper compounds are found in battery fluid fabric dye fire retardants food additives for farm animals fireworks (bright emerald color) manufacture of ceramics and enamels photographic film pigments (coloring agents) in paints, metal preservatives, and marine paints water purification and wood preservatives. 

Hallagan, J.B. International Association of Color Manufactures, Washington, DC (43, 195)... 

Even today the legislation relating to colorants (manufacture, transportation, use, disposal) does vary a lot from one country to the next. Analysis of colorants often relates to checking that the sample does not contain restricted or banned species or will not break down to release any restricted or banned species. Recent German legislation on the use of azo colorants that have been produced from certain known or suspected carcinogenic aromatic amines will be discussed later. 

Steps have been taken to address this problem by both the colorant manufacturers and the compounders. Manufacturers have worked to shift the molecular weight distribution of the colorants and reduce the lower molecular weight species. Thus, reducing the likelihood of separation and decomposition. Compounders and additive suppliers have developed additive packages to reduce plate-out. 

---