Certified Emission Reductions

Clean development mechanisms-, non-Annex I parties can create certified emissions reductions (CERs) by developing projects that reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases. Annex-I parties (both governments and private entities) can help to finance these projects and purchase the resulting credits as a means of meeting their own reduction commitments. 

Under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol a Party to it, i.e. a country, can in addition to undertaking emission cuts on its own territory outsource some reductions to other countries and gain credit in the form of various carbon currencies, most prominently certified emission reduction units (CERs) in the context of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), emission reduction units (ERUs) in the context of Joint Implementation (JI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) in the context of International Emission Trading. 

Any reservoir that takes up carbon released from some other part of the carbon cycle for example, the atmosphere, oceans and forests are major carbon sinks because much of the C02 produced elsewhere on the Earth ends up in these bodies Combined cycle gas turbine Clean Development Mechanism in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, the parties established the CDM for the purposes of assisting developing countries in achieving sustainable development and helping Annex I parties meet their emissions targets carbon currency certified emission reduction units (CERs)... 

Certified emission reduction unit Combined heat and power Carbon dioxide the main greenhouse gas affected directly by human activities Conference of the Parties the supreme body of the UNFCCC... 

International Kyoto credits can be used without limits in the Australian scheme, although only non-forestry COM (certified emission reductions, CERs), J1 (emission reduction units, ERUs) and removal units (RMUs) can be used, subject to fumre review. 

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows a developed country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to 1 tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. See http //www.icao.inl/icao/fr/env2010/ClimateChange/ Finance f.htm. 

The approach incorporates emissions trading and also includes the idea of early action and banking and allows Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for up to 10% of the projected shortfall. If these assumptions are true, then some demand from Canada could enter the CER market relatively soon. 

Massachusetts (2001) passed four-pollutant Emissions Standards for Power Plants (310 CMR 7.29) to reduce emissions of SOj, NO, Hg and COj from older fossil-fuel fired power plants in Massachusetts. The standards will require six power plants to make 10% reduction from 1997-1999 COj levels. Power plants have the choice between switching fuels, changing generation technologies or trading emissions-reductions credits with other plants. They can also invest in certified offset projects. ... 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

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