Nonferrous alloy

On occasion, a distinction is made between cast and wrought alloys. Alloys that are so brittle that forming or shaping by appreciable deformation is not possible typically are cast these are classified as cast alloys. However, those that are amenable to mechanical deformation are termed wrought alloys. 

In addition, the heat-treatability of an alloy system is mentioned frequently. Heat-treatable designates an alloy whose mechanical strength is improved by precipitation hardening (Section 11.9) or a martensitic transformation (normally the former), both of which involve specific heat-treating procedures. 

Aluminum alloys Magnesium alloys Refractory metals Noble Metals 

Some of the common brasses are yellow, naval, and cartridge brass mimtz metal and gilding metal. The compositions, properties, and typical uses of several of these alloys are listed in Table 11.6. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include costmne jewelry, cartridge casings, automotive radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging, and coins. 

The bronzes are alloys of copper and several other elements, including tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel. These alloys are somewhat stronger than the brasses, yet they still have a high degree of corrosion resistance. Table 11.6 lists several of the bronze alloys and their compositions, properties, and applications. Generally they are used when, in addition to corrosion resistance, good tensile properties are required. 

Copper has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals and is used in highly purified form when electrical conductivity is important. Metals that have high electrical conductivity also have high thermal conductivity since the same characteristic is responsible for both. Many alloys of copper and zinc are used. These are called brasses. Alloys of copper and tin are called bronzes. Like aluminum, copper is relatively corrosion resistant due to a protective oxide film that has an esthetic greenish color. 

Some of the many other metal alloys in use include  

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The NIST is the source of many of the standards used in chemical and physical analyses in the United States and throughout the world. The standards prepared and distributed by the NIST are used to caUbrate measurement systems and to provide a central basis for uniformity and accuracy of measurement. At present, over 1200 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are available and are described by the NIST (15). Included are many steels, nonferrous alloys, high purity metals, primary standards for use in volumetric analysis, microchemical standards, clinical laboratory standards, biological material certified for trace elements, environmental standards, trace element standards, ion-activity standards (for pH and ion-selective electrodes), freezing and melting point standards, colorimetry standards, optical standards, radioactivity standards, particle-size standards, and density standards. Certificates are issued with the standard reference materials showing values for the parameters that have been determined. 

Properties and Selection of Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals" in Metals Handbook, 10th ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. 

Includes welding and hard-facing rods as well as materials and nonferrous alloys. 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

Nonferrous alloys account for only about 2 wt % of the total chromium used ia the United States. Nonetheless, some of these appHcations are unique and constitute a vital role for chromium. Eor example, ia high temperature materials, chromium ia amounts of 15—30 wt % confers corrosion and oxidation resistance on the nickel-base and cobalt-base superaHoys used ia jet engines the familiar electrical resistance heating elements are made of Ni-Cr alloy and a variety of Ee-Ni and Ni-based alloys used ia a diverse array of appHcations, especially for nuclear reactors, depend on chromium for oxidation and corrosion resistance. Evaporated, amorphous, thin-film resistors based on Ni-Cr with A1 additions have the advantageous property of a near-2ero temperature coefficient of resistance (58). 

The austenitic cast irons are in widespread use in many industries (food, pharmaceutical, petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, etc.) in mildly corrosive and erosive situations where the life of unalloyed or low-alloy cast iron or steel is short, but the high cost of stainless steel and nonferrous alloys cannot be justified. 

Volume 2 Properties and Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals (Latest Ed.)... 

For corrosive service the wheel can be made of stainless or nonferrous alloys can be all plastic in some designs or may be covered with rubber, lead, or plastic. Rubber-covered fans are usually limited in wheel peripheral velocity to 12,000-15,000 ft/min, although some wheels with certain types of rubber can run higher. ... 

Figure 4-443. Fatigue behavior of ferrous and nonferrous alloys. (From Ref. [183].)...

Nonferrous alloys, p. 692 Magnetic materials, p. 692 Polymers, p. 764 Biology, pp. 771-779... 

We have already mentioned some of the important roles that the d-block metals play in virtually every aspect of our lives. Steel, an alloy based on iron, is important in construction and transportation and the nonferrous alloys, those based on other metals—most notably, copper—are also important in industry, for their corrosion resistance and strength. Some of these alloys are also desired for their magnetic properties. 

This process is used to produce intricate, thin-section parts with great dimensional accuracy, fine detail, and very smooth surfaces. All ferrous and nonferrous alloys can be cast in investment molds. Investment casting begins with expendable wax patterns that are assembled into clusters, then coated with a series of successively coarser ceramic slurries. The assembly is then fired in a furnace to dry and harden the ceramic shell and to melt out the wax, leaving a cavity into which molten metal is poured to form the casting. 

Chromium (Cr) Chromium is very widely used in modem industrial societies. Chromium has been used in iron, steel, and nonferrous alloys because it enhances hardenability and resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Production of stainless steel and nonferrous alloys with Cr are... 

Nickel (Ni)/Copper (Cu)/Zinc (Zn) Nickel exhibits a mixture of ferrous and nonferrous metal properties, and Ni-based alloys are characterized by corrosion resistance. Therefore, Ni has been widely used in stainless steel (about 65% of the Ni consumed in the Western World) and superalloys/nonferrous alloys (12%). Turbine blades, discs and other critical parts of jet engines and land-based combustion turbines are fabricated from superalloys and Ni-based superalloys. The remaining 23% of consumption is applied in alloy steels, rechargeable batteries, catalysts and other chemicals, coinage, foundry products, and plating (USGS, 2006). 

Nonessential nutrients, 17 645 Noneutectoid steels, 23 218 Nonferrous alloys, vanadium in, 25 525 Nonferrous metallics, eddy-current separation of, 15 455—451 Nonferrous metallurgy niobium in, 17 145 oxygen in, 17 762 slaked lime in, 15 63... 

Cayless, R.B.C. (1990) Alloy and temper designation systems for aluminum and aluminum alloys. In ASM Handbook, Vol.2, Properties and Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials (ASM International, Materials Park, OH), p. 15. 

Arsenic is also used in small quantities in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries (which are recycled), in the production of a few nonferrous alloys and in the electronics industry. It has been suggested that rather than importing primary arsenic for industrial uses, this could be recovered from wood waste, although the amounts required are only of the order of one to two thousand tonnes per year in Europe, and similar amounts in the USA (Lindroos, 2002). 

Uses. Ferrous and nonferrous alloys, filaments in incandescent lamps, heating elements, welding electrodes, manufacture of abrasives and tools, manufacture of textiles and ceramics... 

The distribution of nickel consumption by use in 1988 was as follows stainless and heat-resistant steel, 40% nonferrous alloys, excluding superalloys, 21% electroplating, 17% superalloys, 12% and other, 10%. Other uses include cast iron chemicals and chemical use electric, magnet, expansion alloys steel alloys, other than stainless steel batteries and ceramics. Eighty percent of nickel consumption was for the production of nickel metal and alloys (Kirk 1988a). 

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