Practical experience

Based on our practical experiences in the applieation of AE on pressure equipments since 1979, we started in the year 1994 to apply AE on steam drums in combination with pneumatic tests. Before we are able to do this, we have to perform extensive lab tests with the specific material (grey cast iron and cast steel) from which these drums are produced. 

Practical experience has shown that, depending on the field of application, a considerable reduction in inspection costs can be had when opting for radioscopy rather than radiography. By comparison with film technique, the inspection time of turbine blades for aircraft jet propulsion engines is reduced by 45% to 60%. When adding film costs, approximately DM 450.000,- can be saved per year /3/. As far as... 

In compliance with the requirements stated in the System of accreditation to the practical experience and qualification the technical manager in NDT must have at least level 2 on each of NDT methods used in the laboratory seeking accreditation, where not more than 3 NDT methods are in practice, and level 3 on the basic method used in the laboratory where there are more than 3 methods. Moreover all specialists must be certified in relevant NDT method and industrial sector. 

Martin G E and Zekster A S 1988 Two-dimensionai NMR Methods for Estabiishing Moiecuiar Connectivity (Weinheim VCH) Contains a wealth of practical experience. 

Frequency Selection. When estabhshing the specifications for a coreless induction furnace, the material to be melted, the quantity of metal to be poured for each batch, and the quantity to be produced per hour must be considered simultaneously. Graphs have been developed that combine these factors with practical experience to indicate possible solutions for a specific requirement. 

Both the need to reduce experimental costs and increasing reHabiHty of mathematical modeling have led to growing acceptance of computer-aided process analysis and simulation, although modeling should not be considered a substitute for either practical experience or reHable experimental data. 

Practical experience has shown that the most convenient and best means of expressing R is in terms of the solute concentrations in the washed cake hquid the feed liquid (or unwashed cake liquid), and the cake wash hquid. Furthermore, the wash ratio N may also be expressed either as a volume or weight ratio. 

Few, if any, failure mechanisms have received as much attention as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Yet despite an enormous research effort over many years, an acceptable, generalized theory that satisfactorily explains all elements of the phenomenon has not been produced. SCC is a complex failure mechanism. Nevertheless, its basic characteristics are well known, and a wealth of practical experience permits at least a moderately comfortable working knowledge of the phenomenon. 

Drawing inferences from the literature available on the subject (see the further reading at the end of the chapter), based on laboratory tests, practical experience and the field data available, deratings for different configurations are shown in Table 28.7 which should be sufficient to account for the likely proximity effects... 

On the basis of available practical experience, the consumption rate of magnesium anodes in enamelled boilers is lower than 3 mm a". For a rod anode with a diameter of 33 mm, this corresponds to a life of over 5 years. As a guideline for the required anode mass, 200 to 250 g per m of internal surface is recommended [27]. 

In practice, the current densities for protecting concrete structures are generally lower than the values in Table 19-1. The reason is that the cathode surfaces are not well aerated and areas of the anodes are dry. Practical experience and still-incomplete investigations [43] indicate that at even more positive potentials than those given in Table 19-1 with U = -0.35 V, noticeable protection can be achieved so that = -0.4 V can be regarded as the protection potential. In DIN 30676, t/jj5 = -0.43 V is given [44] (see also Section 2.4). 

In spite of the possibility of cathodic corrosion discussed in relation to Eq. (2-56), practical experience has shown that carbon steel is a suitable material for impressed current cathodes. Stress corrosion of the cathode material does not have to be considered because of the strong cathodic polarization as shown in Fig. 2-18. 

Hillary, Ruth, ed. ISO 14001 Case Studies and Practical Experiences. Sheffield, U.K. The Network for Environmental Management, Greenleaf Publishing, 2000. - Contains case studies that provide experiences of companies and what certifiers look for when they visit firms. Highlights ISO 14001 s strengths and weaknesses. Analyzes environmental and economic performance improvements under ISO 14001. 

Murphy, J. A., 1996, Risk-Based Regulation Practical Experience in Using Risk-Related Insights to Solve Regulatory Issues, PSA 96, pp 945-948. 

Based on literature reports and practical experience, the following recommendations are made. The auxiliary air supply should... 

Have minimum work experience acceptable to lATF that includes at least three years full-time appropriate practical experience in the automotive or associated industry including two years dedicated to quality assurance activities completed in the last six years... 

Customers are likely to require internal auditors to at least have taken an Internal Auditor Training Course that meets the requirements of ISO 10011 but are unlikely to require Lead Auditor Registration. VDA 6.3 on Process audits requires the auditor to have at least two years practical experience in process management in the automotive industry and to have performed at least three process audits with the support of a technical expert from the process area. 

Practical experience enables us to emphasize the simplicity and the efficiency of the activation of aldehydes by their conversion into N- -haloalkyl)heteroarylium halides upon treatment with an azine and a thionyl halide. Preparation of these salts requires a minimum of precautions, and a wide variety of solvents can be used. Special glassware and/or the use of an inert gas is not necessary. Tire salts can be reacted under numerous experimental conditions and, in most cases, it is unnecessary to isolate them. Tire flexibility of the method represents an interesting feature for the study of the reactivity of A-(l-haloalkyl)heteroarylium halides and deserves further investigations in this held. Many elegant compromises can be found in a judicious choice of the precursors and of the experimental conditions, and it is possible to design readily a salt suitable for each individual purpose. 

In this book we have decided to concentrate on purely synthetic applications of ionic liquids, just to keep the amount of material to a manageable level. FFowever, we think that synthetic and non-synthetic applications (and the people doing research in these areas) should not be treated separately for a number of reasons. Each area can profit from developments made in the other field, especially concerning the availability of physicochemical data and practical experience of development of technical processes using ionic liquids. In fact, in all production-scale chemical reactions some typically non-synthetic aspects (such as the heat capacity of the ionic liquid or product extraction from the ionic catalyst layer) have to be considered anyway. The most important reason for close collaboration by synthetic and non-synthetic scientists in the field of ionic liquid research is, however, the fact that in both areas an increase in the understanding of the ionic liquid material is the key factor for successful future development. 

Because the condensate builds up along the bottom portion of horizontal tubes, the layer builds up thicker and offers more resistance to heat transfer. Kem proposes good agreement with practical experience using the following... 

New types of coating are regularly developed and marketed. Before selecting such coatings the specifiers should be satisfied that the test results and practical experience is sound. 

During this training, an engineer surveyor can expect to be shown examples of the defects that he is likely to encounter. Many inspecting authorities have a black museum of such defects or they are described and illustrated by photographs in the training literature. He will also be instructed, both in the classroom and on-site, about locations where defects are likely to occur. Most surveyors develop an instinct , which helps them to find defects, and this can only be acquired through practical experience of different types of plant. 

Guidance notes relevant to sound health and safety practices are published from time to time by the Health and Safety Executive. They have no legal status or significance such as found in Codes of Practice. However, as their content is normally based on a wealth of practical experience, it would be expected by the enforcing authorities that employers would follow the advice contained in them. 

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