Technological application

Although several separation chemistry techniques based on the use of impregnated resins have been developed, for a long time their application in different fields has been on pilot and small industrial scales. In particular, the actual applications cover the following fields  

Recovery of valuable metals from secondary sources. At the present state of development the more promising metal recovery processes based on SIR systems appear to be in the following applications in terms of both process performance and economic considerations (a) Recovery of metals from dilute solutions, particularly where such solutions are available at low cost (e.g., waste solution from other processes, mine waters, or dump leaching solutions) (b) separation of metals from concentrated solutions obtained by hydrometallurgical processing of complex ores, concentrates, mattes, and scraps and purification of process solutions (such as electrolytes) which may contain a variety of metals that have been only partially recovered in the conventional processing steps (c) separation and purification of met- 

Application to Metal Recovery and Separation in the Nuclear Industry 

Considerations of the reduction of the waste volume led to the task of partitioning this ILW solution into a small volume of HLW and a large-volume of LLW, so that one has to deal only with these two kinds of liquid waste. In this context, different separation processes have been developed at nuclear research centers in the United States, Germany, and France, 

Separations research at the Rocky Flats Plant (United States) has found ways to significantly improve Pu recovery from HNO waste streams by using extraction chromatography. Several extractants, including TBP (tribu-tylphosphate), TOPO (tri- -octylphosphine oxide), DHDECMP (dihexyl N,N-diethylcarbamoylmethylenephosphonate), and CMPO (octylphenyl-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide) and their mixtures supported on Amberlite XAD4 and anion exchange resins (Dowex 1x4 and Amberlite IRA 938), were evaluated for their ability to remove low concentrations of plutonium from 7 M acid nitric [71-73], 

The lower cost of thermoplastic processing is the motivation for the development of thermoplastic elastomers. However, failure in the achievement of truly 

TABLE 7.8 Commercially Available High-Performance TPVs  

Grade Name Elastomer Type Matrix Phase Supplier 

TPSiV Silicone Polyamide (PA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) Dow Corning 

E-TPV Ethylene acrylate Thermoplastic copolyester (COPE) DuPont 

---

P. Gregory, High-Technology Applications of Organic Colorants Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1990. 

J. P. Eouassier and J. E. Rabak, eds.. Lasers in Polymer Science and Technology Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1989. 

H. V. Boenig, A., Advances in Eow-Temperature Plasma Chemistry, Technology, Applications, Vol. 1—4, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Pa., 1984,... 

U.S. EPA, Resources Conservation Company B.E.S.T Solvent Extraction Technology Applications Analysis Report, EPA/540/AR-92/079 (1993). 

In die production of metallic objects for technological applications, an important way to produce drese is via die compacting of metal powders. One... 

Silica [7631-86-9 (colloidal)-, 112945-52-5 (fumed)]. Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from cone volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water. The impurities remain behind. Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water [Phelan and Powell Analyst 109 1299 1984],... 

Thin-film XRD is important in many technological applications, because of its abilities to accurately determine strains and to uniquely identify the presence and composition of phases. In semiconduaor and optical materials applications, XRD is used to measure the strain state, orientation, and defects in epitaxial thin films, which affect the film s electronic and optical properties. For magnetic thin films, it is used to identify phases and to determine preferred orientations, since these can determine magnetic properties. In metallurgical applications, it is used to determine strains in surfiice layers and thin films, which influence their mechanical properties. For packaging materials, XRD can be used to investigate diffusion and phase formation at interfaces... 

The AF polymers are of potential interest in a number of high-technology applications, including the following ... 

Hayes, R.A. and Ralston, J., Application of atomic force microscopy in fundamental adhesion studies. In Mittal, K.L. and Pizzi, A. (Eds.), Adhesion Promotion Techniques — Technological Applications. Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 121-138. 

Parekh, B. S. (1988). Reverse Osmosis Technology—Application for High-Purity Water Production. Dekker, New York. 

Carbon Nanotubes as a Novel 7C-Electron Material and Their Promise for Technological Applications... 

Properties and Technological Applications of CNTs and Some New rt-Electron Materials... 

Due to the interesting technological applications, challenging phenomena, and continuous output of experimental information, it is expected that the study of surface chemical reactions will continue to attract increasing activity in the future. 

Technological Applications of Dispersions, edited by Robert B. McKay... 

Reverse Osmosis Technology Applications for High-Purity-Water Production, edited by Bipin S. Parekh... 

The binary compounds of the Group 13 metals with the elements of Group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, Bi) are stmcturally less diverse than the chalcogenides just considered but they have achieved considerable technological application as III-V semiconductors isoelectronic with Si and Ge (cf. BN isoelectronic with C, p. 207). Their stmctures are summarized in Table 7.10 all adopt the cubic ZnS stmcture except the nitrides of Al, Ga and In which are probably more ionic (less covalent or metallic) than the others. Thallium does not form simple compounds... 

Aecord g to Baron Muller, it is the best-known solvent tor fossil reainc, and " is unique for many technological applications . This oil is not Idcotioal with much of the eo-called OUos i oil of commerce, which, ilia reality obtsined from Eucalyptus cneoTi/olia. 

Titanium dioxide exists in nature as three different polymorphs rutile, anatase and brookite. This material has been extensively studied during the last few decades due to its interesting physical properties and numerous technological applications. Rutile and anatase (a popular white pigment) are widely used in photocataly s and as sensors. Both of them have had new structural and electronic applications suggested recently (see for a review). 

---