Applications membrane technology

H. Ohya (ed.), Maku Riyo Gljutsu (Membrane Application Technology) Handbook, p. 221-470, Saiwal Shobo, Tokyo, 1978. 

Vourch et al49 studied the applicability of the RO process for the dairy industry wastewater. The treated wastewater total organic carbon (TOC) was <7 mg/L. It was found that in order to treat a flow of 100 m3/d, 540 m2 of the RO unit is required with 95% water recovery. Dead-end NF and RO were studied for the treatment of dairy wastewater.50 Permeate COD, monovalent ion rejection, and multivalent ion rejection for the dead-end NF were reported as 173-1095 mg/L, 50-84%, and 92.4-99.9%, respectively. When it comes to the dead-end RO membranes, the values for permeate COD, monovalent ion removal, and multivalent ion removal were 45-120 mg/L, >93.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. Membrane filtration technology can be better utilized as a tertiary treatment technology and the resultant effluent quality will be high. There can be situations where the treated effluents can be reused (especially if RO is used for the treatment). 

Nobel RD, Stem SA. Membrane Separation. Technology Principles and Applications, Elsevier, New York, 1995. 

In 1998, Krupp Uhde became the sole owner of Single Element Technology and continues to put great effort into the further development of membrane cell technology for different electrolysis applications. With a new patent [4] for improved Single Element Technology, Krupp Uhde is ready for the future. 

This paper emphasizes the "point-of-source" concept of recycling or recovering specific components for re-use through the application of membrane separation technologies. 

Although membrane separation technologies have found applications in a number of specific areas, the potential for these unique processes has not yet begun to be tapped. 

Boyadzhiev, L. Lazarova, Z. Liquid membranes (liquid pertraction) In Membrane Separations Technology, Principles, and Applications, R.D. Noble and S.A. Stem (Eds.), Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam (1995). 

Developing industrial membrane separation technologies Gas separation Pervaporation A number of plants have been installed. Market size and number of applications served are expanding... 

K. Keizer, R.J.R. Uhlhom and T.J. Burggraaf, Gas Separation Using Inorganic Membranes, in Membrane Separation Technology, Principles and Applications, R.D. Nobel and S.A. Stern (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 553-584 (1995). 

Falconer JL, Noble RD, Sperry DP. Catalytic membrane reactors. In Noble RD, Stem SA, eds. Membrane Separations Technology. Principles and Applications. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1995 669-712. 

Noble, R.D. and Stern, S.A. (1995) Membrane Separations Technology. Principles and Applications, Membrane Sriences and Technology Series, vol. 2, Elsevier. 

However, industrial applications have been limited mostly because these new membrane-based systems have not been proven extensively at the industrial level and their advantages have not been quantified in industrial terms, as is the case for traditional consolidated technologies. This fact has discouraged industries from applying these systems in large plants. Therefore, demonstration tests are needed in order to be able to fully exploit the commercial potential of the membrane contactor technology. 

Reed, B.W., Semmens, M.J. and Cussler, E.L. (1995) Membrane contactors, in Membrane Separation Technology. Principles and Applications (eds R.D. Noble and S.A. Stern), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, p. 467. 

In order to maintain the advantage of the microfabrication approach which is intended for a reproducible production of multiple devices, parallel development of membrane deposition technology is of importance. Using modified on-wafer membrane deposition techniques and commercially available compounds an improvement of the membrane thickness control as well as the membrane adhesion can be achieved. This has been presented here for three electrochemical sensors - an enzymatic glucose electrode, an amperometric free chlorine sensor and a potentiometric Ca + sensitive device based on a membrane modified ISFET. Unfortunately, the on-wafer membrane deposition technique could not yet be applied in the preparation of the glucose sensors for in vivo applications, since this particular application requires relatively thick enzymatic membranes, whilst the lift-off technique is usable only for the patterning of relatively thin membranes. 

The membrane deposition technology has to be adapted for each particular application. This is also true of membrane materials, where the additional requirement of new polymeric materials seems to be almost of more importance. 

Practical applications have been reported for PVP/cellulosics (108,119,120) and PVP/polysulfones (121,122) in membrane separation technology, eg, in the manufacture of dialysis membranes. Electrically conductive polymers of polyaniline are rendered more soluble and hence easier to process by complexation with PVP (123). Addition of small amounts of PVP to nylon 66 and 610 causes significant morphological changes, resulting in fewer but more regular spherulites (124). 

Mistry, V.V., Mabouis, J.L. 1993. Application of membrane separation technology to cheese production. In Cheese Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology. Vol. 1, General Aspects (P.F. Fox, ed.), pp. 493-522, Chapman and Hall, London. 

Improvements made over the last few years in MF and UF membranes and modules, including the development of a new generation of hollow-fiber (HF) membranes and modules for industrial applications has led to wider application of these membrane separation technologies.2 The new generation HF membranes are characterized by high porosity, strength, and flexibility, all important characteristics for MF and UF applications. 

Bartels, Craig, "Nanofiltration Technology and Applications," in The Guidebook to Membrane Desalination Technology, Mark Wilf, ed., Balaban Desalination Publications, Italy, 2007. 

M. Cheryan J. R. Alvarez, Food and Beverage Industry Applications. In Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications R. D. Noble, S. A. Stern, Eds. Elsevier Science Amsterdam, 1995 pp 415-465. 

The inorganic membrane reactor technology is in a state characterized by very few in practice but many of promise. Since the potential payoff of this technology is enormous, it deserves a close-up look. This and the following three chapters are, therefore, devoted to the review and summary of the various aspects of inorganic membrane reactors applications, material, catalytic and engineering issues. 

While the aforementioned and other novel membrane reactors hold great promises, many material, catalysis and engineering issues need to be fully addressed before the inorganic membrane reactor technology can be implemented in an industrial scale. This is particularly true for many bulk-processing applications at high temperatures and often harsh chemical environments. Those issues will be treated in the subsequent chapters. 

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