Applicable Fuel Cell Technologies

Jaffray C, Hards G (2003) Precious metal supply requirements. In Vielstich W, Gasteiger HA, Lamm A (eds) Hand book of fuel cells - fimdamentals, technology and applications. Fuel cell technology and applications. Wiley, New Ywk... 

Applications Fuel Cell Technology and Applications, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 351-395. 

Fuel cell technology probably offers a new emerging area for polyheterocyclic polymers as membranes. Fuel cells are interesting in transport applications and are now being evaluated in Chicago in transit buses with a 275-hp engine working with three 13 kW Ballard fuel cell stacks. 

An attempt has been made in Table 1 to present the status of fuel cell technologies. For terrestrial applications, the PAFC power plant is the most advanced, and a 200-kW system manufactured by ONSI, a division of United Technologies, Inc., has reached commercialization. Its main applications are focused on on-site integrated energy systems that could... 

Acres, G. J. K., Recent advances in fuel cell technology and its application, J. Power Sources, 100, 60 (2001). 

In the United States, in the commercial sector, the most attractive application for near-term fuel cell technology is onsite cogeneration. In this application, the fuel cell power plant is located at the site of the end user, providing both electric and thermal energy. On-site applications in the commercial... 

In addition to these smaller applications, fuel cells can be used in portable generators, such as those used to provide electricity for portable equipment. Thousands of portable fuel cell systems have been developed and operated worldwide, ranging from 1 watt to 1.5 kilowatts in power. The two primary technologies for portable applications are polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) designs. 

Decentralised hydrogen production from natural gas for onsite applications (fuel cells, refuelling stations for hydrogen vehicles) eliminates or reduces the problems of distribution and storage. Nevertheless, current technology has high costs because it lacks economy of scale. Lower pressure and temperature and lower-cost materials are... 

These groups provide invaluable information from a user viewpoint about fuel cell technology for stationary power plant application. They can be contacted though the manufacturers. 

A series of standards is being developed to facilitate the application of stationary fuel cell technology power plants. Standard development activities presently underway are... 

Arthur D. Little has carried out cost structure studies for a variety of fuel cell technologies for a wide range of applications, including SOFC tubular, planar and PEM technologies. Because phenomena at many levels of abstraction have a significant impact on performance and cost, they have developed a multi-level system performance and cost modeling approach (see Figure 1-15). At the most elementary level, it includes fundamental chemical reachon/reactor models for the fuel processor and fuel cell as one-dimensional systems. 

S.N. Simons, R.B. King and P.R. Prokopius, in Symposium Proceedings Fuel Cells Technology Status and Applications, Figure 1, p. 46, Edited by E.H. Camara, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL, 45, 1982. 

In summary, these are the applications and coupled fuel choices of interest to fuel cell technology to date ... 

The rapid development and application of fuel cells throughout the world has created the need for fuel cell technology related codes and standards. Several organizations and committees are currently working on the development of codes and standards related to fuel cells. 

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