Industrial applications measurement technologies

Thus, the systems used to monitor and control the process are conventional. Process materials (with the exception of agents and energetics), temperatures, and pressures used in this technology package are commonly used in other industrial applications, where they are routinely monitored and controlled. The usual collection of equipment for monitoring temperature, pressure, level control, flow, and other parameters normally measured in a chemical plant is used. The analytical procedures to be used to monitor certain streams will be new, and they present the greatest uncertainty. 

Acoustic chemometrics has its greatest benefits in cases where haditional sensors and measurement techniques, such as flow, temperature and pressure transmitters cannot be used. In many processes it is preferable to use noninvasive sensors because invasive sensors may cause disturbances, for example fouling and clogging inside the process equipment such as pipelines, reactors cyclones, etc. In this chapter we concentrate mainly on new industrial applications for acoustic chemomehics, and only discuss the necessary elements of the more technical aspects of the enabling technology below - details can be found in the extensive background literature [3-5],... 

UV-vis technology finds use in a wide variety of applications that cut through a cross section of industry. Applications exist for gas, liquid, and solid phase materials and range from chemical concentration, to color measurement, to film thickness determinations. We will discuss only a few of these in detail here. 

Ultrasonic spectroscopy technology, developed in the early 1990s, is proving usefiil in the lubricant and food industries for measurement of oil-in-water emulsions at process concentrations. This technology is anticipated to find a wide range of industrial applications. 

In particular, methyl soyate (the biodiesel formed from soybean oil and methanol) is finding industrial applications including cleaning and degreasing technologies (Table 5.5). In industry, solvents are needed to dissolve a material for its removal or transport and then are often evaporated to restore the original material. Therefore, two important parameters are solvent power and evaporation rate. One way to measure solvent power is the kauri-butanol value (KBV), which is a measure of the solubility of kauri gum in the solvent. A high... 

PAT has been an important part of industrial manufacturing for many years in the application of measurement science technology within a production environment. The first examples of using sophisticated measurement technology rather than the physical property tools of temperature, pressure, and flow to monitor a process were within the German chemical industry in the late 1930s [1,... 

Diisocyanates are an important class of chemicals of commercial interest, which are frequently used in the manufacture of indoor materials. such as adhesives, coatings, foams and rubbers (Ulrich, 1989). In some types of particle board, the diisocyanates have replaced formaldehyde. Isocyanates are characterized by the electrophilic -N=C=0 group, which can easily react with molecules containing hydroxy groups, such as water or alcohols. On hydrolysis with water, primary amines are formed, while a reaction with alcohols leads to carbamates (urethanes). Polyurethane (PUR) products are then obtained from a polyaddition of diisocyanate and diol components. Compounds commonly used in industrial surface technology are 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The diisocyanate monomers are known as respiratory sensitizers and cause irritation of eyes, skin and mucous membrane. Therefore, polyisocyanates such as HDI-biuret and HDI-isocyanurate with a monomer content <0.5 % are used for industrial applications, and isocyanate monomers will not achieve high concentrations in ambient air. Nevertheless, it is desirable to measure even trace emissions from materials in private dwellings. 

The large-scale industrial application of hydrogen has led to a safety concept with a scale of safety measures aimed at minimizing risks by preventive safety measures and by mitigation measures. A basic safety approach that can be applied to hydrogen energy technologies is outlined in Fig. 8-1. Some examples are [45]... 

At present, there are hundreds of industrial applications of PTC for a variety of processes of organic synthesis. These technologies always require less investment, consume less energy, and generate much less industrial waste as compared to the traditional ones. It is obvious that all measures that save energy and investment offer directly or indirectly substantial benefits to the environment. Of great importance is the direct effect—genera-... 

Thermophysical properties are defined, in Chapter 9 by Cagran and Pottlacher, as a selection of mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal material properties of metals and alloys (and their temperature dependencies) that are relevant to industrial, scientific, and metallurgical applications, and this covers a wide range of different material properties obtained by numerous different measurement techniques. The focus in Chapter 9 is, however, on thermophysical properties that are accessible through dynamic pulse calorimetry Other non-calorimetric techniques have been developed but, with the exception of levitation (needed to measure technologically important properties like viscosity and surface tension) have been excluded from consideration. 

Crabtree (2009) detailed most of the flow meters used in industrial plants. His classification for selecting measuring technology with respect to process application is reproduced in Table 6.3. All flow meters are suitable for clean liquids except for the Ultrasonic-Doppler instrument and only electromagnetic instruments are unsuitable for low conductivity fluids. Most instruments are suitable for high temperature operation or application under certain conditions except for the ultrasonic instruments. Many flow meters are suitable for gases. Few instruments can be used for open channel flow or pipes that are semifllled with the exception of weirs and flumes. 

The main limitation to the application of spectroscopy technique to industrial processes is the requirement of having dilute particle dispersions. This in turn requires the implementation of a dilution step. Several alternatives for the dilution systems in real time have been published. The dilution systems have been used in conjunction with different measurement technologies to obtain composition, particle size, or concentration. One of the most suitable measurement techniques applied for on-line monitoring of... 

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