Application of Technology

An analysis based on reaction kinetics suggests that up to 50% of manufacturing reaction steps in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries could benefit from being run continuously rather than in batch mode in a stirred tank reactor 

The current emphasis is on speed to market, and therefore investment decisions have to take into account the high levels of compound attrition in the industry. When there are exciting results from clinical trials, programs get accelerated, and there is then a danger of being locked into chemical routes and processes that are sub-optimal from an environmental point of view. Measures tliat can be taken to counter this pressure include  

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Secondary recovery, infill drilling, various pumping techniques, and workover actions may still leave oil, sometimes the majority of the oil, in the reservoir. There are further applications of technology to extract the oil that can be utilized if the economics justifies them. These more elaborate procedures are called enhanced oil recovery. They fall into three general categories thermal recoveiy, chemical processes, and miscible methods. All involve injections of some substance into the reservoir. Thermal recovery methods inject steam or hot water m order to improve the mobility of the oil. They work best for heavy nils. In one version the production crew maintains steam or hot water injection continuously in order to displace the oil toward the production wells. In another version, called steam soak or huff and puff, the crew injects steam for a time into a production well and then lets it soak while the heat from the steam transfers to the resei voir. After a period of a week or more, the crew reopens the well and produces the heated oil. This sequence can be repeated as long as it is effective. 

Modem processing of tantalum and niobium metals and their compounds is related to the treatment of fluoride compounds. Hence, successful technological improvements, the development of novel methods and the manufacturing of high-grade products depend on the application of technological achievements in the area of fluorine chemistry. 

The investment cost, operating and maintenance costs, and energy costs for the application of control technologies to the wastewater of the coil coating industry have been analyzed. These costs were developed to reflect the practical application of technologies in this industry. A detailed presentation of the cost methodology and cost data is available in the literature.1-19... 

Display of risk levels for various subpopulations under various applications of technological or regulatory control of releases into the environment in order to relate social costs to risk reduction. 

Founded in San Diego in 1999, Aviva has been fully engaged in the development and application of technologies for drug discovery and healthcare. The major limitations of current sample processing approaches are the inability to isolate reliably cells/molecules... 

Perhaps the most important issues to consider now are the application of novel methodologies, molecular diversity, and synthetic convenience. There have been several reports of novel, one-pot procedures for the preparation of 1,2,4-triazoles with diverse structures. Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles on polymeric supports, in both solution and solid phase, represents a step toward the combinatorial synthesis of these heterocycles. It is these novel applications of technology to organic synthesis that perhaps lead the way in 1,2,4-triazole chemistry. 

The application of technology in laboratories via automation and robotics (flexible automation) minimizes the need for human intervention in analytical processes, increases productivity, improves data quality, reduces costs, and enables experimentation that otherwise would be impossible. Pharmaceutical companies continuously look for ways to reduce the time and effort required for testing. To meet the ever-increasing demands for efficiency while providing consistent quality of analysis, more pharmaceutical R D and QC laboratories have now automated their sampling, sample preparation, and analysis procedures. 

Eemandez-Metzler, C. Subramanian, R. King, R. C. Application of technological advances in... 

Bottoms, A. M. and C. Scandrett, Eds. Applications of Technology to Demining, An Anthology of Scientific Papers (1995-2005), in three volumes Part I, Vols. 1 and 2, Lamdmine Countermeasures, Part II, Naval Mine Countermeasures. Society for Counter-Ordnance Technology (SCOT), http //demine.org, July 2005. 

His response to the question Why do we do science is that, in part, it is to satisfy curiosity about the workings of nature, but it is also to contribute to the liberation from the necessity of industrial labor. With characteristic optimism, he regards the new revolution of digital technology as enhancing the prospects for a society based on the principles enunciated by Marx, a society whose members are freed from the necessity of arduous labor—this, as a result of the application of technological advances made possible by science. 

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakartal0340, Indonesia ... 

This chapter gives an overview of the origin of NLO effects and focuses on the design of chromophores for two current applications of technological interest poled polymer materials for electrooptic switching and two-photon absorption. 

In 1995, the President s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology formed a panel to study applications of technology in K-12 education. Two years ago, the House Science Committee heard testimony on the findings of the study from David Shaw, who chaired the panel. 

C. L. Femandez-Metzler and R. C. King, The emergence and application of technological advances in biotransformation stndies, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2 (2002), 67-76 and references cited therein. 

Science, invention, and innovation are separate but highly interdependent activities. Science is the knowledge base upon which all understanding is built. Invention is the discovery of new and useful things and their applications. Innovation involves the application of technology to a specific need. With innovation, new and useful things become available commercially. 

So, as the comparison of technology related data and the comparison of specific cost are not likely to describe competitiveness for different kinds of biomass conversion technologies, it seems to be necessary to choose the application of technologies as a basis for describing the competitive situation. The term application is used in this paper to describe a plant and its purpose, size, the fuel used, the aimual operation time, the specific labour cost and the cost for the conventional alternatives given for the investor. 

Summary The use of the on-line FT-Raman spectroscopy for monitoring a multi-step hydrosilylation reaction combines all the advantages of an on-line analytical tool (like real time measuring results, a direct view into the reaction, and no off-line sample collection) with the requirements for the application of technology in production plants, e. g., low calibration effort within a wide temperature range, stable calibration, simple system handling for the operator, small sized equipment at the reaction vessel, and no contact with the reaction media. 

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