Applications metallurgical

Metallurgical Applications, Structural Graphite Shapes, Electrical Pleating Elements, Carhon and Graphite Powder and Particles)... 

Caldwell-Babb Darken observed that sohd-state diffusion in metallurgical applications followed a simple relation. His equation related the tracer diffusivities and mole fractious to the mutual diffusivity ... 

High-Temperature Coke (1173 to 1423 K or 1652 to 2102°F.) This type is most commonly used in the United States nearly 20 percent of the total bituminous coal consumed is used to make high-temperature coke for metallurgical applications. About 99 percent of this type of coke is made in slot-type recovery ovens. Blast furnaces use about 90 percent of the production, the rest going mainly to foundries and gas plants. 

J.W. Swegle and D.E. Grady, Calculation of Thermal Trapping in Shear Bands, in Metallurgical Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena (edited by L.E. Murr, K.P. Staudhammer, and M.A. Meyers), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986, pp. 705-722. 

Thin-film XRD is important in many technological applications, because of its abilities to accurately determine strains and to uniquely identify the presence and composition of phases. In semiconduaor and optical materials applications, XRD is used to measure the strain state, orientation, and defects in epitaxial thin films, which affect the film s electronic and optical properties. For magnetic thin films, it is used to identify phases and to determine preferred orientations, since these can determine magnetic properties. In metallurgical applications, it is used to determine strains in surfiice layers and thin films, which influence their mechanical properties. For packaging materials, XRD can be used to investigate diffusion and phase formation at interfaces... 

Smith, C.S. (1952, 1981) Grain shapes and other metallurgical applications of topology, in Metal Interfaces, ASM Seminar Report (American Society for Metals, Cleveland) p. 65. Grain shapes and other metallurgical applications of topology, in A Search for Structure, ed. Smith, C.S. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) p. 3. 

From a practical standpoint, coal, because of its abundance, has received the most attention as a source for synthetic fuels. As early as 1807, a coal-gas system was used to light the streets of London, and until the 1930s, when less expensive and safer natural gas started to flow through newly constructed pipelines, gas piped to homes in the Eastern United States was derived from coal. Kerosene, originally a byproduct from the coking of coal tor metallurgical applications, can be considered the first synthetic lic -uid fuel made in quantity. But once crude oil became cheap and abundant, there was little serious research on synthetic liquid fuels in the industrial world until the Energy Crisis of 1973. The main exceptions to... 

Plasma CVD tends to create undesirable compressive stresses in the deposit particularly at the lower frequencies. This may not be a problem in very thin films used in semiconductor applications, but in thicker films typical of metallurgical applications, the process is conducive to spalling and cracking. 

D. W. Bridges and J. B. Rosenbaum, Metallurgical Application of Solvent Extraction Fundamentals of the Process, Information Circular 8139, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1962. 

C.G. SteUy, C.C. Dormeval, Adiabatic shear band phenomena, In L.E. Murr, M.A. Meyers, Editors., Metallurgical applications of shock-wave and high-rate phenomena, (1998), Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel. pp. 607-632. 

Metallurgical. The metallurgical applications of selenium normally involve its use as a minor alloying additive to enhance the properties of... 

Chromium oxides with a minimal sulfur content are preferred for metallurgical applications. These are obtained by reacting sodium dichromate with ammonium chloride or sulfate in a deficiency of 10 mol% [3.51]. Chromium (III) oxides with a low sulfur content can also be obtained by thermal aftertreatment [3.52], Thermal decomposition of chromic acid anhydride (Cr03) yields high-purity chromium(III) oxide [3.53],... 

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