Formulation and Application Technology

Georgis R. Formulation and application technology. In Gaugler R, Kaya HK, editors. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 1990. pp. 173-191. 

This ACS Synqiosium Series book deals with the second topic. Twenty-nine invited and peer-reviewed chapters from internationally recognized pesticide experts are divided into six sections Residue Analysis, Environmental Fate, Environmental Risk Assessment, Metabolism, Resistance and Management, and Advances in Formulation and Application Technology. 

The concept of pyriprox) en tape formulation and application technology is described in Figure 2. Essentially, the concept of the delivery system is to utilize the whitefly s attraction to the yellow tape formulation. Such attraction causes whitefly to land on the tape formulation and thereafter come into contact with pyriproxyfen which will result in the unhatching activity against whitefly eggs. Finally the tape formulation controls the next genereation of whitefly. 

Virus efficacy is typically assessed in terms relative to the efficacy of standard chemical insecticides, and they seldom fare well in this comparison. Although numerous viruses have been tested in the field as insecticides, few have been developed as viable commercial products. Pesticide formulation and application technology has paralleled the development of s)mthetic pesticides, accordingly virus formulation and application methodology was copied from this. 

Production practices and availability of equipment require that viral insecticides be formulated and applied using technology designed for application of contact insecticides. Development of formulation and application methodology for viral insecticides has not proceeded as rapidly as anticipated. Many viral insecticides are efficaceous, but research has slowed because few are marketed. Although viral insecticide use is limited, their potential for use in IPM systems where other pesticides are not available or desirable provides a window of opportunity for greater use in the future. Improvements in formulation and application technology... 

Surtek s surfactant remediation is limited by the same factors that affect any pump-and-treat technology. Performance may be reduced in areas with low hydraulic conductivity or high soil heterogeneity. Incorrect formulation and application of the Surtek method can also make NAPLs more mobile, thereby increasing their potential to migrate to previously uncontaminated areas. In addition, no complete process for the treatment of fiuid extracted by the process has been identified. 

To achieve the main process requirements (ability to be applied by different methods by hand, spray, electropaint), and to provide the necessary decorative, physical, and mechanical properties, organic solvents are used in concentrations up to of about 50% to modify the viscosity and other rheological characteristics of the some polymer compositions. During the application and formation of the coating, the solvents evaporate into the atmosphere as pollutants. This serious disadvantage of formulations based on the use of solvents as "intermediate" carriers has provided the incentive to develop polymer compositions and application technologies which yield the required rheological characteristics either without solvents, or at least with low concentrations of them. 

Numerous herbicides are currently recommended and used for weed control in agricultural, industrial, and recreational areas. However, the method of formulation and application of such chemicals to plants or soils may markedly affect their biological efficacy and persistence. Chemical additives (primarily surfactants) in both oil and aqueous sprays are already used widely, and when properly understood, promise a virtual revolution in the use of agricultural chemicals. Conceivably, not only weed control performance and herbicidal selectivity can be altered but also distribution, metabolism, and accumulation of chemical residues. With the widespread introduction and increasing use of chemical additives in weed science and technology, we must therefore learn to reflect on what before we knew about the use of herbicides. 

Electron-Curable Coatings and Adhesives Formulation Basics and Application Technology... 

D. A. Bate, The Science of Powder Coatings, Vol. 1 Chemistry Formulation and Application, Sita Technology Ltd., London, 1990. 

The market for special control techniques that are appropriate for integrated pest management systems is closer to the scope of smaller companies where large-scale production facilities are not essential. Smaller companies have found unique niches in the pest management field, based often on particular expertise or experience. Controlled-release technology is an essential component for formulation and application of pheromones, therefore small companies have entered the market on the strength of this combination of expertise. Patent protection may be obtained to cover the devices and materials used to formulate pheromones, whereas the information relating to the composition of many pheromones is available in the open literature. 

Emulsion formulation and application is still a very active technology, with literally thousands of journal articles and patents being written each year, and new applications being... 

Although advances have been made in decontamination technology, further improvements in decontamination reagent formulation and application must be sought. Among the important issues that require further attention are the following ... 

The use of kinetic inhibitors and/or anti-agglomcrators in actual fieid operations is a new and evolving technology. These are various formulations of chemicals that can be used in a mixture of one or more kinetic inhibitors and/or anti-agglomerators. At the current time, to get an optimum mixture for a specific application it is necessary to set up a controlled bench test using the actual fluids to be inhibited and determine the resulting equilibrium phase line. As the mixture of chemicals is changed, a family of equilibrium phase lines will develop. This will result m an initial determination of a near optimum mixture of chemicals. 

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