Technology issues application examples

CMP has been used for the mass production of microsystems for a number of years now. Among many representative applications, a limited number of examples in which CMP processes were employed have been selected here to illustrate the use of this technology and related issues. These examples cover... 

We should state clearly that these examples are intended to be representative of the types of issues that task network modeling can address, as well as approaches to modeling human performance with respect to these issues. They are not intended to be comprehensive with respect to either the issues that might be addressed or the possible techniques that the human factors practitioner might apply. Simulation modeling is a technology whose application leaves much room for creativity on the part of the human factors practitioner with respect to application areas and methods. These two case studies are representative. 

The next section focuses in more detail on lifetime issues and their implications for practical adoption of the technology. We highlight examples of long lifetime dielectric elastomer generator elements and discuss the issues involved in achieving such lifetimes and the imphcations for various generator applications. 

Like many other aspects of science, data compilation efforts can be carried out more efficiently if there is cooperation at an international level. This is particularly important when physical and chemical data affect technological issues, such as performance specifications on articles in international trade or rules for custody transfer of commodities. An early example of the need for international agreement on physical data is provided by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (lAPS). This group was established more than 60 years ago with the aim of reaching international agreement on the thermophysical properties of water and steam, which are crucial in specifying the performance of turbines, boilers, and pumps. Its international steam tables have been adopted as standards for trade and coiiunerce, as well as for scientific applications. The data evaluation efforts of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) are discussed later. 

One of the key benefits of drop-in chemicals is the reduchon of the dependence on fossil fuel energy. Bio-based chemicals have the potential to solve a number of waste management issues. For example, for the plastic sector, this technology offered a solution for disposable packaging that cannot be easily separated from organic waste derived from agricultural applications. 

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