Reverse osmosis technology

B. S. Parekh and co-workers. Reverse Osmosis Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988. 

Parekh, B. S. (1988). Reverse Osmosis Technology—Application for High-Purity Water Production. Dekker, New York. 

Reverse Osmosis Technology Applications for High-Purity-Water Production, edited by Bipin S. Parekh... 

Reverse osmosis membrane process, 27 637 Reverse osmosis membrane cleaning citric acid application, 6 647 Reverse-osmosis membranes, 75 811, 825 development of, 75 797 Reverse osmosis models, 27 638-639 Reverse osmosis permeators, 76 19 Reverse osmosis seawater desalination process, 26 85 Reverse osmosis systems blending in, 26 80-81 brackish and nanofiltration, 26 80-83 Reverse osmosis technology... 

The rapid expansion of reverse osmosis technology during the past two decades has resulted in the development of a variety of new membranes. Unique polymer systems and fabrication methods have led to the production of membranes with significantly improved performance and reliability. In spite of these developments little is known about chemical sensitivity or life expectancy of reverse osmosis membranes used in desalting applications. Manufacturers are consequently reluctant to guarantee their products for long runs especially in unique chemical environments. 

Filtration can remove fine suspended solids and microorganisms, and microfiltration membranes of cellulose acetate or polyamides are available that have pores 0.1-20 /xm in diameter. Clogging of such fine filters is an ever-present problem, and it is usual to pass the water through a coarser conventional filter first. Ultrafiltration with membranes having pores smaller than 0.1 fim requires application of pressures of a few bars to keep the membrane surface free of deposits, water flows parallel to the membrane surfaces, with only a small fraction passing through the membrane. The membranes typically consist of bundles of hollow cellulose acetate or polyamide fibers set in a plastic matrix. Ultrafiltration bears some resemblance to reverse osmosis technology, described in Section 14.4, with the major difference that reverse osmosis can remove dissolved matter, whereas ultrafiltration cannot. 

Pateklt. B.S. Reverse Osmosis Technology Applications of High-Purity-Water Production, Marcel Dekker, Inc.. New York. NY, 1988 Raulenbacli. R., and R. Albieclit Membrane Processes, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. NY, 1989... 

Figure 3.44 Schematic of a spiral-wound module [115] installed in a multimodule pressure vessel. Typically four to six modules are installed in a single pressure vessel. Reprinted from Reverse Osmosis Technology, B.S. Parekh (ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York (1988), p. 81, by courtesy of Marcel Dekker, Inc.

G.A. Pittner, High Purity Water Production Using Reverse Osmosis Technology, in Reverse Osmosis, Z. Amjad (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1993). 

Ridgway, H.F., Microbial adhesion and biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. In Reverse Osmosis Technology, Applications for High Purity Water Production, Pakekh, B.S. and Dekker, M., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988, p. 429. 

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